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<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.1        <\/span>\u062a\u0645\u06c1\u06cc\u062f<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>1.1      <\/span>\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u06af\u0648 \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u06a9\u0631\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06c1\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0639\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u06c1 \u06c1\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u06c1\u06cc \u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0650 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06c1\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062f \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645 \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u06d4 \u062f\u0648\u0651\u0645 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062f \u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0686 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n

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<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>2\u06d4  <\/span>        <\/span>\u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645:   <\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0637\u06cc\u0641 (<\/span>Spectrum<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0686\u06be\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u06c1\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0628\u06c1 \u062d\u0635\u06c1 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062f \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n

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<\/span> 3\u06d4        <\/span>  <\/span>\u0628\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641(<\/span>The Visible Spectrum<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0628\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641(<\/span>The Visible Spectrum)  <\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u060e    <\/span>\u067e\u0631 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u06af\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0648 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u0691\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06c1 \u0628\u0631\u0639\u06a9\u0633 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u06c1\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u060c \u062f\u06be\u0691 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0634 \u062f\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u0688\u062c\u0633\u0679 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u0691\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0628 \u06c1\u06cc \u0648\u06c1 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u06c1\u0631(<\/span>Wavelength<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a (<\/span>Amplitude<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631(<\/span>Nanometres<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0646\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be \u0633\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>3.1      <\/span>\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0637\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0626\u06cc(<\/span>Electromagnetic Energy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u067e\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u06d2\u061f \u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0634\u06cc (<\/span>Ultraviolet<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u062e (<\/span>Infra Red<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0644\u06c1\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06c1\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648\u06c1\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0637\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0644\u06c1\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 380 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631 \u062a\u0627 760 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u0679\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u06ba (<\/span>One billionth<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u062d\u0635\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>3.1.1 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u0632(<\/span>Threshold<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>:  <\/span>\u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06c1\u06cc\u062c (<\/span>Stimulus<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u062c\u0648 \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 (<\/span>Response<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be \u06a9\u06d2 \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0645 380 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u06c1\u0631 (<\/span>Wave length<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u06d4 \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062f 760\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06cc\u06d4 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u06c1 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u06c1\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0631\u0646\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a (<\/span>Amplitude<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0646\u0686\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0646\u0686\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc \u062a\u0648 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u06af\u06c1\u0631\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0646\u0686\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u067e\u0633\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc \u062a\u0648 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u067e\u06be\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627\u06d4 (\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0626\u06d2 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 1)<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u062e \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0646\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0679\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u06cc\u062a\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be \u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 (\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u06a9\u0644 2)<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>3.1.2  <\/span>\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0628\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0646 \u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0679\u06be\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u06c1 \u0628\u0633 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0653\u067e \u06c1\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644      <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06a9\u06be\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u0641\u0644\u06a9 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u0641\u0636\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0628\u06be\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u062c \u06a9\u0648 \u0630\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06c1\u0654 \u0628\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u06be\u067e\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u06cc\u0651\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u062c\u0641\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0628\u06d2 \u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u06a9\u06c1\u0654 \u0628\u06c1\u0645 \u0648 \u0631\u062c\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06a9\u0631\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645\u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06c1\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u062a\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u06c1\u0645 \u0631\u0646\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0645\u06cc\u0679 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0630\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631 3  <\/span>\u067e\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0634\u06a9\u06443  <\/span>\u0631\u0646\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u06c1 \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0650 \u0644\u06c1\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u06a9 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>3.2      <\/span>\u0631\u0646\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u06a9 (<\/span>Colour Vision<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>:  <\/span>\u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06d2(<\/span>Rods<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637 (<\/span>Cones<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062f \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06be\u06cc\u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0631\u0646\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u06a9 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a (<\/span>Dark adaption<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0631\u0646\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u06a9 \u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>3.2.1 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06c1 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0631\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0648\u0631(<\/span>Colour Blind<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)    <\/span>\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u062f \u0644\u0648\u06af \u0631\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06af \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0628\u0644\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u0648\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u0679 \u0641\u0648\u0679\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06af \u062c\u0632\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0644\u06a9\u06d2 \u0631\u0646\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0646\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0698\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2   <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0631\u06c1\u0650 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0634\u0628 \u0633\u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u064e\u0633\u0646\u0650 \u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(\u0641\u06cc\u0636)<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>4\u06d4  <\/span>\u0633\u0645\u0639\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641  <\/span>(<\/span>Sound Spectrum<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0633\u0645\u0639\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641  <\/span>(<\/span>Sound Spectrum) 1.1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u060e  <\/span>\u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0644\u06c1\u0631\u0648\u06ba (<\/span>Sound waves<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0644\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0644\u06c1\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc (<\/span>Frequency<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u0628\u06c1 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u06cc \u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1 (<\/span>Cycle per second<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0631\u06a9, (<\/span>Hertz, Hz<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)\u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0637(<\/span>Range of Frequency)   <\/span>16 Hz<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u062a\u0627 21000 <\/span>Hz<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0646 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u06c1 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u064f\u062a\u0651\u06d2 40,000 <\/span>Hz<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0633\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u06c1\u0646\u06af (<\/span>Pitch<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0644\u06c1\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631 (<\/span>Frequency<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u067e\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06c1\u0645 \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u06a9\u0631\u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06c1\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u06c1\u0645 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a (<\/span>Amplitude<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0627\u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u06af\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0637\u0628\u0644\u06c1\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0646\u060c \u06af\u0679\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u063a\u0632\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(1)<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06cc\u0679\u06be\u06cc \u0631\u06c1\u0648<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0627\u0653\u062c \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u062f \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0648<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(2)<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u062a\u06be\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u067e \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/o:p><\/span>\u0645\u0631\u06d2 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0628(<\/span>Pressure<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0644 (<\/span>Decibel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 (<\/span>db<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0644\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 1 <\/span>db<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>10 <\/span>db<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u062a\u06a9 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a 125 <\/span>db<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u062a\u06a9 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0639\u0634\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631<\/span>db<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0634\u06a9\u0644 4   <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0634\u06a9\u0644 4  <\/span>–  <\/span>\u0639\u0634\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631 (<\/span>Decibel value<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>4.1      <\/span>\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631:  <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u06c1\u0627\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0634\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06c1\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u0691\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0679\u060c \u0641\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0633\u067e\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1\u06d4 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1\u0654 \u06af\u0648\u0634 \u06a9\u0648 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u06c1 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u06c1\u0631\u06c1 \u067e\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>5  <\/span>\u06d4  <\/span>\u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u06c1 (<\/span>Touch Spectrum<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u06c1 (<\/span>Touch Spectrum)  <\/span>:  <\/span>1.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060e \u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u0644\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0628\u06c1 \u062d\u0635\u06c1 \u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u067e\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0648\u0654\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u06c1\u06d2    <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06c1\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06af\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0653\u06c1 \u0628\u06d2 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u06c1 \u0639\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u06d2 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u06c1\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062a  <\/span>(<\/span>Stumli<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u067e\u0631 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u06af \u0627\u0644\u06af \u0631\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0628 (<\/span>Pressure<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) <\/span>\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc (<\/span>Warmth<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) \u060c  <\/span>\u0633\u0631\u062f\u06cc (<\/span>Cold<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062f(<\/span>Pain<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06c1\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0631\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0638\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0650\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>5.1      <\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0628(<\/span>Pressure<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>:  <\/span>\u062c\u0628 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u06cc \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u0627\u062c\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u06af\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0654 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062e\u062f (<\/span>Receptors<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u062c\u0644\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0691\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648 \u062f\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0654 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062e\u0630 \u062c\u0644\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0639\u0636\u0648 (<\/span>Encapsulated End-organ<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0651\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0644\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0628\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>5.1.2 \u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u06cc  <\/span>(<\/span>Warmth and Cold<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>:  <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1\u0654 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u06c1\u06cc\u062c \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062c\u0650\u0644\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062e\u0630 \u062c\u06af\u06c1 \u062c\u06af\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u062d\u062f\u06c1 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u062d\u062f\u06c1 \u067e\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>5.1.3 \u062f\u0631\u062f(<\/span>Pain<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>:  <\/span>\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u06c1\u06cc\u062c \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>5.2      <\/span>\u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646:  <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u067e\u0631 \u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0631\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>     <\/span>\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0654 \u0646\u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0654 (<\/span>Atmospheric Pressure<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0654 \u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0686 14.7   <\/span>\u067e\u0648\u0646\u0688 \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>ii<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>    <\/span>\u0633\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1\u0654 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a (<\/span>Temperature<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a 21<\/span>o<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 55<\/span>o<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u0633 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>iii<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>   <\/span>\u062f\u0631\u062f:  <\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0634\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0686\u0628\u06be\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.6         <\/span>  <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062c\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06c1 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0639\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06c1\u06cc\u062c\u0627 \u062a \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06c1 \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u0628\u06d2 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u0627\u0621 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc \u062f\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u064f\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>6.1      <\/span>\u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0642\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u062f\u06be\u0646\u062f\u0644\u06a9\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>6.1.1 \u0628\u0691\u0627 \u062f\u06be\u0645\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 (<\/span>Big Bang<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>:  <\/span>\u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u062a\u06c1 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0628 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u06d4 \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u06af\u06c1 \u062c\u06af\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc\u061f \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u062f\u0645 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0648\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u06d4 \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u061f <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>6.1.2 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u2019\u0628\u0691\u0627 \u062f\u06be\u0645\u0627\u06a9\u06c1\u2018(<\/span>Big Bang<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u06c1\u0648\u0627\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0633\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u0645\u0633 \u062c\u06cc\u0646(<\/span>Sir James Jean<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u06a9\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0628\u0631\u0633 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0628\u0691\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0632\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u06c1\u0648\u0627\u06d4 \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u0644\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u064f\u0679\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u0644\u06af\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06c1\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u064f\u0679\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u062d\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0644\u06af\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06af\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u06af\u06c1 \u062c\u06af\u06c1 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u06c1\u0648\u06a9\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4  <\/span>2\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0644 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0651\u0648\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u06c1 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u061f \u0648\u0631\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u06d2 \u0688\u06be\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0648\u062f\u06d2 \u0628\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06a9\u06be\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u0628\u0691\u0627 \u062f\u06be\u0645\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0641\u062a \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u06a9\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0628\u0631\u0633 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0628\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0691\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u06af\u0626\u06cc \u062c\u0633 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648  <\/span>\u0628\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0648\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>7  <\/span>\u06d4  <\/span>\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u06be\u0648\u062c<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0648\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u06c1\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0645\u0631 (<\/span>Sumer<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0644\u06cc\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u06ba\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06d2 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0628 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0686\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u06c1 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u062d\u062f\u062a\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u06cc \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>7.1      <\/span>\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0637\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0637\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1 \u0633\u06c1\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u0633\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062f\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u062a\u0627\u064b \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u0644\u06af \u062a\u06be\u0644\u06af \u067e\u0691\u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0642\u0635\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0628\u06c1 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u062a\u06a9 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u06c1 \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u06a9 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u06c1\u0627\u06d4 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc\u06a9\u06c1 \u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u06a9\u06be \u06a9\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0648\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u06c1 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u06c1 \u0631\u06af \u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u06c1 \u062f\u0648\u06c1\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u06d4 \u0631\u06af \u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0648\u062a\u06cc (<\/span>Sruti<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) \u060c \u06cc\u062c\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0646(<\/span>Brahmin<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u0641\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u06c1 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>7.1.2 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0611\u0670 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u067e\u0646\u0686\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06c1 (<\/span>Pentateuch<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u067e\u0627\u0646\u0686 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u0691\u06be \u06c1\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06af\u0648\u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u062f\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627\u06d4  <\/span>3\u060e  <\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>8  <\/span>\u06d4  <\/span>\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>8.1      <\/span>\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a:    <\/span>\u0686\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0634\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u06af (<\/span>Shijing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0628 \u062a\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc 305   <\/span>\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0627\u064b \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u06af\u06d2\u06d4 \u0686\u0648\u0657 \u0633\u06cc(<\/span>Chu Ci<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06c1 \u2019\u2019\u0686\u0648\u0657 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06af\u06cc\u062a\u2018\u2018 (<\/span>Songs of Chu<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u06a9\u06c1\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0644\u062f \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0686\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0657 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 (<\/span>Qu Yuan<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u06a9\u0631 \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u06c1\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u06c1 \u06cc\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>8.1.1 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0632\u0648\u0657\u0648  <\/span>\u0698\u0648\u0627\u0646 (<\/span>Zuo Zhuan<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0648\u06c1 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062b\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a \u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u06c1\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u06a9\u0648 \u0634\u0650\u062c\u06cc(<\/span>Shiji<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0632\u0648\u0657\u0648 \u0698\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0650 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06c1 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>8.1.2 \u0686\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u064f\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u0648 (<\/span>Sun Tzu<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0639\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u06af (<\/span>The Art of War<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0627\u0653\u062c \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0679\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u06c1 \u0631\u06c1\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>8.1.3 \u0645\u062a\u0630\u06a9\u0631\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u06af (<\/span>Shijing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0657\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0646\u062b\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628 \u0632\u0648\u0657\u0648 \u0698\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u064f\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u2019\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0650 \u062c\u0646\u06af\u2018 \u06a9\u0648 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4  <\/span>4\u060e  <\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>8.1.4  <\/span>\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06af \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0648\u06c1 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u06cc\u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06d2 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u06a9\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0638\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u06a9 \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u067e\u0627\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0648\u0657\u0646 \u0632\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u2019\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u06af\u2018 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0653\u0645\u062f \u06c1\u0648\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06c1 \u0639\u0631\u0635\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0637\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0634\u0627\u062f    <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0633\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u0646\u06cc<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0628\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>9  <\/span>\u06d4  <\/span>\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 (<\/span>Hebrew Literature<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0648\u06c1 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u06d2 \u062a\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u06d2 \u062a\u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06af\u06cc\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4 \u062c\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>9.1     <\/span>\u0639\u06c1\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06c1\u0654 \u0639\u062a\u06cc\u0642 (<\/span>Old Testament<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>:  <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u06a9 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u062e\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u06cc\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u0633 \u067e\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0642\u06c1 \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u062c\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0628\u06c1\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0688\u0631\u0634 \u0646\u0637\u0634\u06d2(<\/span>Friedrich Neitzsche<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u2019\u2019\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u06c1\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06c1\u0654 \u0639\u062a\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0630\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u060c \u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u06c1\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0642\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0628 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0646 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0635\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u06c1\u0648\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u06d4\u06d4\u06d4\u06d4\u06d4\u06d4\u06d4\u06d4\u06d4 \u2019\u2019\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u2018\u2018 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u2019\u2019\u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u2018\u2018 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0639\u06c1\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06c1\u0654 \u0639\u062a\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0633\u0648\u0679\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u2018\u2018  <\/span>5\u060e <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0630\u06c1\u0627\u0646\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0630\u06c1\u0627\u0646\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0630\u06c1\u0627\u0646\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06c1 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u0653\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0633\u0646\u0628\u06be\u0627\u0644\u06c1 \u062f\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u062e\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648 \u0628\u062f \u0633\u06d2<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0628\u0691\u06be\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u062f \u0633\u06d2<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>10  <\/span>\u06d4  <\/span>\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 (<\/span>Greek Literature<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4 \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u06c1\u06cc \u2019\u2019\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0650\u0644\u0650\u06cc\u064e\u0688 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0688\u06cc\u0633\u06cc(<\/span>The Iliad And the Odyssey<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0653\u0679\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u0645\u0631 (<\/span>Homer<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u06a9\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06af\u0632\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0648\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u06c1 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06be\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u06c1\u06c1 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0633 (<\/span>Aeschylus)   <\/span>(525<\/span>\u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u062a\u0627 456   <\/span>\u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4) \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u06c1 \u0688\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u0627 \u0688\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0688\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06d2 \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4  <\/span>6\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>10.1    <\/span>\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06c1\u2019\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0646\u2018 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0627\u06d4\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637 (<\/span>Socrates<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u06cc 399 \u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0646 (<\/span>Plato<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u06cc 347\u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0631\u0632\u0650 \u0627\u0653\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 (<\/span>Aristole<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u06cc 322\u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u0646\u06d2 \u06af\u0648\u06a9\u06c1 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u06c1 \u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4 \u0648\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0646\u06cc\u0641 \u2019\u0634\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u2018 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062a \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>10.1.1   <\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06c1\u0648\u0645\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u2019\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0650\u0644\u0650\u06cc\u064e\u0688 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0688\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u2018 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u06c1 \u0688\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc \u2019\u0634\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u2018 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>11  <\/span>\u06d4  <\/span>\u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0641\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062a  <\/span>:  <\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0650 \u0633\u062e\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u06a9 \u06c1\u0631\u0645\u0631\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u0627\u0637\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0648 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0686\u06be\u0648\u0691\u06af\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4\u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u063a\u0631\u0642 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0634 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u060c \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u06c1\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0634 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062e\u0641\u06cc\u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u06af\u06d2\u06d4 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0634 \u0633\u06d2 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06af\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u0641\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062f<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0650 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>12  <\/span>\u06d4  <\/span>\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 (<\/span>Indian Literature<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u0627\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0686\u06be\u0691\u0627 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc 9 \u060e <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06ba\u060c \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u06ba \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u063a\u0631\u0642 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u06cc\u0641\u0650 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>12.2    <\/span>\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644  <\/span>:  <\/span>\u0627\u0653\u0631\u06cc\u06271500   <\/span>\u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u062a\u06a9 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)       <\/span>\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0653\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc 1500   <\/span>\u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4  <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>500  <\/span>\u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>ii<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)      <\/span>\u0648\u0633\u0637\u06cc \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0653\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc  <\/span>500  <\/span>\u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4  <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>1000 \u0621  <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>iii<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)     <\/span>\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0653\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc 1000   <\/span>\u062a\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0653\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u06cc\u062f\u06a9 \u0633\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u062f\u06a9 \u0628\u06be\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u06a9 \u0633\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u062f\u06a9 \u0628\u06be\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0634\u0648\u06a9 \u0627\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u064f\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u062c\u0627 \u0686\u0679\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0679\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u06cc\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u067e \u0628\u06be\u0631\u0646\u0634 \u06a9\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1 500   <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>1000\u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u064e\u067e \u0628\u06be\u0631\u0646\u0634 \u06a9\u0627 \u2019\u067e \u2018 \u0633\u0627\u06a9\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0679\u06cc\u06c1 \u0634\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631 300 \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc  <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u06a9\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u064f\u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u067e \u0628\u06be\u0631\u0646\u0634 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u06be \u0645\u0627\u06af\u062f\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u067e \u0628\u06be\u0631\u0646\u0634 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06d2\u06d4 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0644\u06af\u0627 10  <\/span>\u060e  <\/span>\u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>13  <\/span>\u06d4  <\/span>\u0641\u0644\u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06af\u06cc\u0631(<\/span>Astronomical Spectrographic<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u06a9\u06cc (<\/span>Heavenly Bodies<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062f \u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u06a9\u0633 \u06af\u06cc\u0631 (<\/span>Photographic<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u06a9\u0631\u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d412 \u060e  <\/span>\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0653\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u062f\u06be\u06cc\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062c\u06be\u0631\u0645\u0679 \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u06a9\u0644 \u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc \u062c\u06be\u0631\u0645\u0679 \u06a9\u0648 \u2019\u0633\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u201813 \u060e (<\/span>Galaxy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u067e\u06be\u06cc\u0644\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>13.1    <\/span> \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u0633\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u06c1\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u06ba (<\/span>Milky Way<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a (<\/span>Universe<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u06cc (\u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2) \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u062a\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2   <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0686\u0631\u062e \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0628 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0642\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0653\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0642 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1\u0654 \u0632\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
                                                <\/span>           <\/span>(\u0645\u0646\u0651\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u0648\u06cc)<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06cc\u06c1 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u062a\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0626\u06d2 \u0646\u0626\u06d2 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06c1\u0645\u06c1 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u06c1\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0641\u06cc\u0636<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u06af\u0631\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u06d2<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u062c\u062a\u0646\u06d2 \u0637\u0634\u062a\u0650 \u0641\u0644\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14  <\/span>\u06d4  <\/span>\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644  <\/span>14\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u0648 \u0628 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u0646\u0645\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0628 \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u067e \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0646\u0648\u062d\u0611 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u062d\u0611 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u06c1\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u060c \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062f\u064f\u06be\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u06a9\u0651\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u06c1\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0628\u0627\u062f \u062a\u06be\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062e\u0632\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0632\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06be\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u0651\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u0628\u0627\u062f \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u06a9\u0631\u0631\u06c1 \u06af\u0626\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.1    <\/span>\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641: \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0686\u06be\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u062c\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0632\u06a9 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u060c \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u0646 \u06a9\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0691\u06be \u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062c\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.1.1   <\/span>\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645:   <\/span>\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0648 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>     <\/span>\u0627\u0653\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06ba: \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0637\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u062a<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>ii<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)      <\/span>\u0633\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06ba:  <\/span>\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u06c1\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u0645\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062d\u0628\u0634\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.1.2   <\/span>\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627  <\/span>:  <\/span>\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u062a\u06c1 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0650 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u06a9 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0644\u06a9\u0634 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0646 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u06cc \u0648 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0679\u0641\u06a9 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.2    <\/span>\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631  <\/span>:  <\/span>\u06a9\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0645 \u067e\u0627\u0646\u0686 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06c1\u06d2:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.2.1  <\/span>\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0654 \u062c\u0627\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u062a: \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0648 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0646\u0686\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0650 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0646\u0686\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0638\u06c1\u0648\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u06a9\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.2.2  <\/span>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645: \u0638\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u06c1 40   <\/span>\u06c1\u062c\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc 132\u06c1\u062c\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.2.3   <\/span>\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631 :132   <\/span>\u0633\u06d2 656   <\/span>\u06c1\u062c\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u06a9<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.2.4   <\/span>\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631: 656 \u06be  <\/span>\u062a\u0627 1220 \u06be \u062a\u06a9<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.2.5   <\/span>\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631:  <\/span>\u0646\u067e\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc 1801 \u0633\u06d2 1919 \u062a\u06a9\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>14.2.6   <\/span>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0650 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f:  <\/span>1920 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0644\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.3    <\/span>\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u06d2: \u062f\u0648\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba:  <\/span>(<\/span>i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 (<\/span>ii<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)\u0646\u0638\u0645\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.3.1   <\/span>\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u062b\u0631:  <\/span>\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0686\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0644\u0686\u0633\u067e \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0648 \u2019\u0641\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u062b\u0631\u2018 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0638\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u2019\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u2018 \u06a9\u06c1\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0654 \u062c\u0627\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u062b\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u062c\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u06cc\u0628 \u0642\u06cc\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u06cc\u0628 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u0634\u06c1\u0631\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.3.2   <\/span>\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0645 :  <\/span>15\u060e   <\/span>\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u06cc\u0641\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u2019\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06c1\u2018 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0645\u0627\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0642\u0641\u06cc\u0670 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0627\u0632\u06a9 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u0646\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u2019\u0631\u062c\u0632\u2018 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0654 \u062c\u0627\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0639\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0635\u06cc\u062f\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0627\u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u0679\u06be \u0634\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0691\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.3.3   <\/span>\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u06a9\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0654 \u062c\u0627\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u06af\u0632\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0642\u0635\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062c \u062a\u06be\u0627\u060c \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0628\u0691\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u06c1 \u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06c1 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u06cc\u062f\u06d2 \u0686\u06be\u0648\u0691\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u0679\u06a9\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0654 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u063a\u06c1 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0632\u06c1\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0633\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0634\u06c1\u0631\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06c1\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06d2 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0648\u0636\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0653\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0628\u06c1 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646 (1869 \u062a\u0627 1946) \u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 (1883 \u062a\u0627 1931)\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u06cc (1889  <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>1957) \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648 \u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2\u06d4 16\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.3.4   <\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u062f\u0631\u06c3 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u06cc\u0670 -\u0648\u0635\u0644  <\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u06c1 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u062a \u067e\u0631\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u06c1 \u06a9\u0646 \u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0628\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 (<\/span>Galaxies<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u06cc \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u06c1\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u062a\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u06c1 \u06a9\u0646 \u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644     <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u0646 \u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u06c1 \u06a9\u0646 \u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u06c1\u0631\u0650 \u062a\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u0633\u06a9\u06d2\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>14.3.5   <\/span>\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u06c1\u0645 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u06c1 \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0628\u06c1 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u0679\u0631\u0627\u067e\u0633\u0679 \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644 (<\/span>Trappist-1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc 39\u0646\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc 369\u06a9\u06be\u0631\u0628 \u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631 (369 <\/span>trillion km<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0648\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 39\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0691\u06cc (<\/span>Spacecraft<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062c\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0633\u06a9\u06d2\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627 \u0631\u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0691\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u062e\u0686\u06d2 \u0627\u064f\u0691\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u06d4 17\u060e  <\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u067e\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0641\u06cc\u0636       <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u06c1 \u0641\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u0627\u062a\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648 \u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u06af\u0644\u06af\u0648\u06ba<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u063a\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u06c1\u0654 \u06a9\u0646 \u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u0646<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>15  <\/span>\u06d4  <\/span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>15.1    <\/span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u06cc\u0670 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u06be\u06cc\u0644\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0648\u06c1 \u0642\u0627\u0641(\u06a9\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0627)\u060c  <\/span>\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06d2\u060c \u062a\u0627\u062c\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>15.1.1   <\/span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644:  <\/span>\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0627\u062a\u06be\u0627 (<\/span>Gatha<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 16   <\/span>\u062a\u0627 17   <\/span>\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u062c\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646(<\/span>Avestan<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628 \u0632\u0631\u062a\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u064e\u0648\u0650\u0633\u062a\u0627 (<\/span>Avesta<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 18\u060e    <\/span>\u0698\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0698\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0691\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0686\u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0630\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627 \u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u063a\u0632\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06cc\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0630\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u0631\u0635\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062c\u062a\u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062d\u0645\u0644\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u06be \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0648\u06c1 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0679\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0686\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0653\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u06c1\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06d2 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u067e \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u067e \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u06c1 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u0627 \u0648 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06d2 \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u067e \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0688\u06be\u0644 \u0686\u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>15.2    <\/span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627 19 \u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>15.2.1 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u06cc:  <\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u06be\u0627 (935  <\/span>\u062a\u0627 1020) \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u2019\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06c1\u2018 \u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0648\u06c1 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0628\u06c1 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>15.2.2   <\/span>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0645:   <\/span>1048)  <\/span>\u062a\u06271131 )  <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u06ba\u060c \u06c1\u06cc\u0626\u062a \u062f\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06be\u0648\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>15.2.3\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u06cc:  <\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u0627 1207) \u062a\u0627 1273)  <\/span>\u0648\u06c1 \u0628\u0644\u062e \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u06be\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0634\u06c1\u0631\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u2019\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u2018 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>15.2.4   <\/span>\u0634\u06cc\u062e \u0633\u0639\u062f\u06cc :  <\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u06be\u0627 1213)   <\/span>\u062a\u0627 1291 )  <\/span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0670 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>15.2.5  <\/span>\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0632\u06cc :  <\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u062a\u06be\u0627 1325\/26)   <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>1390\/91)  <\/span>\u0648\u06c1 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0653\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0653\u0646 \u0648 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0648\u06c1 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>15.2.6    <\/span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u06c1 \u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u067e\u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u0691\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>15.3    <\/span>\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u0627  <\/span>20 \u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>15.3.1  <\/span>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u06c1 1892)   <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>1997)  <\/span>:  <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u062b\u0631\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062c\u0645\u0627 \u0644 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0635\u0644\u06c1 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0641 \u06af\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a \u067e\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062a\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>15.3.2   <\/span>\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u06c1\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a 1903)   <\/span>\u062a\u0627 1951 )  <\/span>:  <\/span>\u0627\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06d2 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0641 \u2019\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06c1\u0654 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u2018 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u2019\u0633\u06c1 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u06c1 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u2018 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0634\u06c1\u0631\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>15.3.3   <\/span>\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0653\u062e\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d4 \u0641\u06cc\u0636     <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06af\u0627\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u062a\u0648 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06c1\u06cc<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u0633\u0631 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0653\u0631\u0632\u0648 \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06c1\u06cc<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>16  <\/span>\u06d4  <\/span>\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627 \u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06c1\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc 1400  <\/span>\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0628 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u067e\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0688\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0653\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>16.1    <\/span>\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0632\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637  <\/span>:  <\/span>\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06cc\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0648\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0632\u0646 (<\/span>Saxon<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06c1\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0627\u0646\u0686\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0686\u06be\u0679\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u06a9\u0631\u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 21\u060e  <\/span>\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0632\u0646 (<\/span>Anglo-Saxon<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0632\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645\u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0646 (<\/span>Frisian<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0627\u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0644\u0648- \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0646 (<\/span>Anglo-Frisian<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0653\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 (<\/span>Threshold<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1\u06c1 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06c1 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>16.1.1   <\/span>\u0628\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0686\u0691\u06be\u0627\u0626\u06cc:  <\/span>\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u067e \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 1066  <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a \u062f\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u060c \u0648\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0653\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u06c1\u0648\u0627\u060c\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u0648 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u062a \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u067e \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u0648\u062f\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u06c3\u0650 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1 (<\/span>Renaissance<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0686\u0648\u062f\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u06c1\u0627\u06d4 \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06c1\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0688\u0648\u0628 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627\u06d4 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0646\u062f\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0686\u0644\u0646 \u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0634\u0627\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u06a9\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u064f\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06c1 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u062a \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>16.2    <\/span>\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u06c3 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1 1500)  <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>1660) :  <\/span>\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u062a\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u062a\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06d2 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u06af\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0633\u0648\u0644\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u067e\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0686\u06cc\u067e \u0645\u0646 (<\/span>George Chapman)  <\/span>(1559<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0627 1634)  <\/span>\u0646\u06d2 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u0645\u0631 (<\/span>Homer<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0679\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u06d4\u0645\u06d4 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u0644\u06a9\u06be\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0656\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u2019\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0688 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0688\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u2018(<\/span>Iliad and Odyssey<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u0648 1616 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0634 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0628\u06c1\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0651\u062c\u06c1 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u06a9\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc\u0679\u0633 (<\/span>John Keats<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0646\u06d2 1816  <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u06c1\u0631\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0679 “<\/span>On first looking into chapmans Homer<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>“  <\/span>\u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc 22\u060e  <\/span>\u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 (<\/span>Threshold<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062e\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u06d2 \u062f\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u06be \u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u064f\u0628\u06be\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0634\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u067e\u06cc\u0626\u0631 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0670 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0679 \u0644\u06a9\u06be \u06a9\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u06c1\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0688\u0648\u0646 (<\/span>John Donne) (1572<\/span>\u062a\u06271631) \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0631\u062c \u06c1\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0679 (<\/span>George Herbert)   <\/span>(1593<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0627 1633)  <\/span>\u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc  <\/span>(<\/span>Meta-Physical<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>16.2.1   <\/span>\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0650\u0646\u06a9 \u062c\u06cc\u0645\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0644 (<\/span>King James Bible<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a 1604 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 1611 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u06cc \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>16.2.2    <\/span>\u0628\u06c1\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06d2 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06d2 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u0627\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 2013    <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0688\u0627 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0631\u0648 (<\/span>Alice Munro<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u0648 2016   <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0688\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u0646(<\/span>Bob Dylan<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>\u06a9\u0648\u060c 2017  <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0650\u0634\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u0631\u0648 (<\/span>Kazua Ishiguro<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>(\u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u062c\u0627\u067e\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2) \u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 23 \u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0691\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645\u06c1 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688\u0648 1879)  <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>1949) \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u0639\u0632\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>16.2.3   <\/span>\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u0627 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u060c\u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u062a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0628 (<\/span>Plateau<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06a9\u06c1\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062e\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06c1\u06cc \u06af\u0645\u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u06a9\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644    <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0657 \u06a9\u0648 \u06af\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0653\u06c1 ! \u0627\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u06ba \u0642\u0641\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0653\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>16.2.4   <\/span>\u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u067e\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0688\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0631\u062c \u06c1\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0679 \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u06c1 \u0634\u0627\u062e \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 24\u060e  <\/span>\u062a\u0648 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0686\u06be\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u064f\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648 \u0639 \u063a\u0644\u0637\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u062a\u06c1 \u0686\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0653\u062e\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u0646\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062f\u06be\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0691\u0627 \u062f\u06be\u0645\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u06a9\u06cc\u06c1 \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627 \u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06c1 \u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u2019\u0628\u0691\u0627 \u062f\u06be\u0645\u0627\u06a9\u06c1\u2018 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>16.2.5   <\/span>\u0628\u06c1\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06be\u0648\u062c \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06c1\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0646 (<\/span>Large Hardon Collider<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062f \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u062f\u06be\u0645\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u0627\u06a9\u06be \u06af\u0646\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u06a9\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06c1-\u0634\u06a9\u0646(<\/span>Anti-Matter<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646 (<\/span>Black Holes<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)   <\/span>\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0653\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba 25\u060e \u06d4  <\/span>\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u067e\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06cc\u06c1 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062e\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06c1 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644    <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u067e\u0648\u0686\u06be \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u06cc<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u062a\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u0679\u06a9\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u06c1\u06cc<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.17\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>17.1    <\/span>\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc:  <\/span>\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u06af\u06c1 \u2019\u0644\u0634\u06a9\u0631\u2018 \u062f\u06cc\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0634\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u2019\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631\u2018 \u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0631\u0635\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06af\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u06cc \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637(\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0644\u06c1\u062c\u06c1) \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u06c1\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06c1\u062c\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u06c1\u0627\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u062e\u0637 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u06a9\u06cc \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u06c1\u0627\u06d4 \u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0635\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0653\u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0637 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0648 \u0641 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc 55   <\/span>\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 27\u060e  <\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>17.1.1   <\/span>\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627:  <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06d2 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0648\u0654\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u0637\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>17.1.2   <\/span>\u062a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0653\u0648\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0612 1253)   <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>1325)  <\/span>\u06af\u0632\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc (\u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0644\u063a\u062a \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u06cc\u06d2) \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0627\u06ba (\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06c1\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u06c1) \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0648\u06c1 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u2019\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u2018 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0679 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0633\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0686\u0634\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06af\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0646\u06cc\u0641 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628\u060c\u06af\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u06a9\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0679\u06a9\u060c \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06d2 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06d2 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u0648\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0648\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>17.1.3   <\/span>\u062f\u06a9\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0648 \u0633\u06d2 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06c1 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u06af\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0612 \u0646\u06d2 \u2019\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642\u06cc\u0646\u2018 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u2019\u06c1\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06c1\u2018 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06a9\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u06af\u0648\u0644\u06a9\u0646\u0688\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u0627\u0646\u0686\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u06c1 1566)   <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>1612)  <\/span>\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4\u0627 \u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0650 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u062c\u06c1\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u2019\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u2018 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u2019\u0633\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u2018 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u2019\u0637\u0648\u0637\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06c1\u2018\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u2019\u067e\u06be\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u2018 28 \u060e  <\/span>\u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06a9\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>17.1.4   <\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0630\u06a9\u0631\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>17.1.5   <\/span>\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062c \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u062a\u0631\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u06af\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062d\u0635\u06c1 \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0634\u06c1\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06af\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u06af\u0645 (\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0641\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06c1)\u060c \u0634\u06c1\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0631\u0627 (\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0641\u06c1 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d)\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062d\u0628\u06c1 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646 1541) \u062a\u0627 1601)  <\/span>\u06a9\u0634\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628\u06c1\u060c \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0632\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u06c1 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1 1894  <\/span>\u062a\u0627 1922 ) \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u2019\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06c1\u0654 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u2018 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0634\u06c1\u0631\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u0637\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u06c1 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0644\u06c1\u062c\u06d2 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u06c1\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0635\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06c1\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u0644\u06af\u06cc \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u067e\u0691\u06be\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u06a9\u06be\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be \u067e\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>17.1.6   <\/span>\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0679\u06be\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0648\u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u06af\u0631\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0648 \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u0686\u06be\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u06af\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u06c1 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0688\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06a9\u0646\u06cc 1668)  <\/span>\u062a\u0627 1707 )\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0653\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc 1714)   <\/span>\u062a\u0627 1764 ) \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0691\u0627 \u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u062f\u06be\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627 1706)   <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>1781\u0621)\u060c  <\/span>\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062f 1721)  <\/span>\u062a\u06271824) \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u06c1 \u062d\u06cc\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u062a\u0634 1778)   <\/span>\u062a\u0627 1810 )  <\/span>\u0634\u06cc\u062e \u06c1\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641\u06cc 1750)  <\/span>\u062a\u0627 1824 )\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u06c1 \u062d\u06cc\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u062a\u0634 1778)   <\/span>\u062a\u0627 1847 )\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633 1802) \u062a\u0627  <\/span>1874)  <\/span>\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0653\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u0645\u0631\u0632\u0627  <\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u06c1 \u062e\u0627\u06ba \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 1797)   <\/span>\u062a\u0627 1869 )  <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0691\u0627 \u0634\u06c1\u0631\u06c1 \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0688\u0627\u06a9\u0679\u0631 \u0633\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 1877)   <\/span>\u062a\u06271938 )  <\/span>29\u060e  <\/span>\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0650 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0634\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0628 \u062a\u06a9 \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>17.1.8   <\/span>\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0679 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u0648\u06cc 1750)   <\/span>\u062a\u0627 1837 )  <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u063a \u0648 \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u06af \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631(1867)\u06a9\u06cc \u2019\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0654 \u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628\u2018 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062d\u0648\u0635\u0644\u06c1 \u0645\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 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\u0627\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646 1900)  <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>1965 ) \u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u0634\u06c1\u0631\u062a \u067e\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u2019\u0634\u0645\u0639\u2018 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u2019\u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631\u2018 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0634\u06c1\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06d4  <\/span>30 \u060e  <\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>17.1.9    <\/span>\u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0653\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u0686\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06af\u0627\u06d4 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u062a\u06c1 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u062f \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0631\u067e\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0653\u0632\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0634\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0631\u0635\u06d2 \u062a\u06a9 \u062a\u06be\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc \u0679\u06be\u06c1\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0654 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u067e\u0631 \u0627\u064f\u0679\u06be \u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0686\u0679\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u06c1\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0633\u0686 \u062a\u0648 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062d\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06a9\u0631\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0679\u06be\u06c1\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u062c\u06be\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u0633 \u0679\u06be\u06c1\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0654 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u067e \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0630\u06c1\u0646 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062c\u0648 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628     <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0633\u06d2 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06a9\u062a\u06c1 \u0633\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0646\u06a9\u062a\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u06cc:  <\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.1        <\/span>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631  <\/span>\u0646\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0631\u06c1 \u0686\u06a9\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.1.1     <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b       <\/span>.1.2     <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.2         <\/span>\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u06d4 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u060c\u062f\u0644\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0679\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0653\u0628\u0627\u062f (\u0645\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0679\u0631) 2001\u060c  <\/span>\u0635195<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.3         <\/span>\u0627\u0646\u0679\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0679 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0653\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.4         <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b       <\/span>.5         <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.6         <\/span>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0626\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u060c2003\u060c \u0635 44, 593 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.7         <\/span>\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e: \u0688\u0627\u06a9\u0679\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0653\u0631 \u067e\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u060c 2015\u060c \u0635 35<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.8         <\/span>\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f: \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u060c\u062f\u0644\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0679\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0653\u0628\u0627\u062f (\u0645\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0679\u0631) 2001\u060c  <\/span>\u0635192  <\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>9 .        <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0635193<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.10      <\/span>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 1700 \u062a\u06a9: \u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644\u060c \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u062c\u06cc\u0646: \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc2011\u060c  <\/span>\u063524, 23, 21, 16<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.11      <\/span> \u062e\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc:  <\/span>\u0638-\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u0636 \u0633\u062d\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u060c 1989\u060c \u0635 207   <\/span>\u062a\u0627  <\/span>210<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.12      <\/span>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0627: \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631 7\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0626\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u060c2004\u060c \u0635 220, 148<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.13      <\/span>\u0627\u0653\u06a9\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0688 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u0634 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0688\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u060c 2013\u060c \u0635 643<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.14      <\/span>\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0654\u0644\u0641 \u0688\u0627\u06a9\u0679\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u06ba\u060c\u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u06c1 \u0646\u0639\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06c1 (\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u06a9 \u0688\u067e\u0648)\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06be\u060c \u0628\u06be\u0646\u062c\u0646\u060c \u06cc\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u060c 2003\u060c \u0635 38, 33, 31, 29, 27<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.15      <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0635 55         <\/span>.16      <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0635 340, 336, 317 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.17      <\/span>\u0648\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0653\u0645\u062f  <\/span>.18      <\/span>\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0679\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.19      <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b       <\/span>.20      <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.21      <\/span>\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0679\u06cc\u0646\u0688\u0631\u0688 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u0634 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0688\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u0631\u06cc: \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 (\u06c1\u0646\u062f)\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u060c2012\u06d4 \u06351064<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.22      <\/span>\u0648\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0653\u0645\u062f  <\/span>.23      <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.24      <\/span>\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0653\u06a9\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0688 \u0627\u06cc\u0688\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u0631\u0646\u0631\u0633 \u0688\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0635 963<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.25      <\/span>\u0648\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0653\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.26      <\/span>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 1700 \u062a\u06a9: \u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644: \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u0646 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u062c\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u060c 2011\u060c  <\/span>\u0635 29, 28, 16 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.27      <\/span>\u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0633\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2015\u06d4 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0635 26, 24<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.28      <\/span>\u062f\u06a9\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648: \u0646\u0635\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u06c1\u0627\u0634\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u060c1985 \u0635 97, 42 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.29      <\/span>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0627: \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u060c\u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0626\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u060c2003 \u0635 51, 399, 500, 2, 534, 324, 241, 308, 573<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.30      <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c\u0635144, 308, 52, 7, 330 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Mustafa Nadeem Khan Gauri<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
Zarrin Villa, B.11, Green Valley<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
Roza Bagh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
Aurangabad – 431001  <\/span>(M S)<\/span><\/div>\n
Mob: 9604957100<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0637\u06cc\u0641\u0650 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u06ba \u063a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0644\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u06a9\u0648 \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u06c1\u0631\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2  \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u0648\u0654 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06a9\u06be\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0650\u0644\u062f \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0691 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1048","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1048","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1048"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1048\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1048"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1048"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1048"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}