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\u0645\u0638\u06c1\u0631 \u0645\u06c1\u062f\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n

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\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u06c1\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0630\u06c1\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u067e\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d41\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0646\u062f\u06c1 \u062c\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u06be\u0646 \u0688\u0646\u06a9\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Jonathan Duncan 1756-1811) <\/span>\u0646\u06d2 \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06c1\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u06af\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0645\u0646\u0679 \u0633\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u0691\u06be\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u06d4\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u06a9\u0627 \u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0645 1791 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d42\u060e \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u06af\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u06c1\u06cc\u0633\u0679\u0646\u06af\u0633<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(Warren Hastings 1731-1818) <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1\u0654 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>(Orientalism)<\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0631 \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0646\u0648\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0642\u06cc\u062f\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u06d2 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0628\u06c1\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u06c1 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba 1792 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0691\u06be \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0688 \u0645\u0646\u0679\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(Lord Minto 1751-1814) <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0688 \u0645\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Lord Moira 1754-1826)<\/span>\u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0679\u06be\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc 1811 3\u060e \u0627\u0648\u0631 1818\u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0630\u06a9\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d44\u060e \u0645\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627 \u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0641\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d45\u060e  <\/span>\u0628\u06c1\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0679 \u0627\u0646\u0688\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u0630\u0645\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u06be \u0627\u0679\u06be\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u06a9 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0688\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0630\u0645\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a \u06c1\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0644\u0686\u0633\u067e\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u06a9 \u0632\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u0627\u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0679\u06be\u06c1\u0631 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0628 1813\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0679\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0679 \u0627\u0646\u0688\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06d2 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0630\u0645\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be \u06a9\u0631 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0679\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u06c1\u0627\u0624\u0633 \u0622\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0633<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (House of Commons) <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0633<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Wilberforce) 6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060e\u0646\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0679 \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u060c \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u0633\u06d2\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0645\u0644\u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u0641\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0646\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u06d4 7\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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1840 <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0622\u0633 \u067e\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0626\u06d2\u06d4\u062c\u06cc\u0645\u0633 \u0679\u06be\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (James Thomason) <\/span>\u06a9\u0648\u06af\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u06c1 \u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0633 (1836-1842) \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0688 \u0622\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0688<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(Lord Auckland 1784-1849)  <\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u06cc\u2019\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0679\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2\u2018 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d441\u060e \u0627\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u06a9\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u06c1 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u06d2 1841 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u06c1\u0648 \u0633\u06a9\u06d2\u06d4 42\u060e \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0644 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648 \u06cc\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u2019\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0688\u06be\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644\u2018 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0648\u067e\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u062c\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u2019\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0679\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0648\u067e\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u062a\u062d\u0635\u06cc\u0644\u2018 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u0633 \u067e\u0634\u062a \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627\u06d443\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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1823 <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0644 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648 \u06c1\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0637 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d450\u060e\u062e\u0637 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u06cc \u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Mechanics)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Hydrostatics)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u06c1\u0648\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Pneumatics)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Optics)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Electricity)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u06c1\u06cc\u0626\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Astronomy) <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(Chemistry) <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d4  <\/span>\u0627\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 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(Physics)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Economics)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (History)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Philosophy) <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Law) <\/span>\u067e\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0628\u06cc\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u06d4 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06ba \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u06c1 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\u062f\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u06d21843 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u201d\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u06c1\u0626 \u0645\u0644\u06a9\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c(Society for the Promotion of Knowledge in India through the Medium of the Vernacular Languages) <\/span>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u06cc\u06c1 \u062f\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0648\u067e\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u062f\u06be \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 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\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Botany)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(Anatomy)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Medicine)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Surgery)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Mineralogy)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Chemistry)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Physics)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0679\u06a9\u0644 \u062c\u06cc\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u06cc\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06cc \u0688\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0679\u06cc\u0679\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0628\u0633\u0679\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0679\u06cc\u0679\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u067e \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u067e\u0679\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0679\u0631\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u062c\u06cc\u0648\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u06cc\u0679\u060c \u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0688\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u06cc\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u067e\u0648\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u0641 \u06cc\u0648\u0632\u0641\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0644\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u06c1\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06ba\u06d461\u060e 1857 \u062a\u06a9\u060c \u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u06af \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0648\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0679\u06be \u06a9\u06be\u0691\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2\u060c \u0637\u0644\u0628\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0691\u06be\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0648 \u062a\u06cc\u0633 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648 \u0686\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0688\u06be\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d462\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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S. Reid) <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0631\u06cc\u0688 \u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u062f\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631 \u0688\u067e\u0679\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06a9\u0679\u0631\u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u06c1\u062f\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d486\u060e \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u062d\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0644 1877 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0670 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u06c1\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1 \u0645\u0644\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0626\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Amedee Guillemin) <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> The Heavens<\/span>\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 -\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a-\u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648\u0646 1897 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06cc\u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0679\u06cc \u0622\u0641 \u0627\u0688\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06d2 1902 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0688\u0627\u06a9\u0679\u0631 \u0622\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (L.L.D.) <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0688\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0679\u06cc \u0622\u0641 \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u06d21910 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0688\u0627\u06a9\u0679\u0631 \u0622\u0641 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0679\u0644 \u0644\u0631\u0646\u0646\u06af<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (D.O.L.) <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0688\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d487\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u06a9 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u067e\u062a\u06c1 \u0686\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u062d\u062f \u062a\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u06c1 \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u06cc\u0636\u06cc\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u06af \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 1857\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06d2 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0631\u0639\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0645 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631\u06c1 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u062c\u0648\u0634 \u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0627\u0679\u06be \u06a9\u06be\u0691\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u06cc \u062c\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u062f\u0631\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u06c1\u0626 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0638\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0627\u063a\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u0627 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u062a\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u062e\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a \u067e\u0633\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u06c1\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0630\u06c1\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0630\u06c1\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u064e\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u06c1\u06cc \u0637\u0644\u0628\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0646\u0626\u06d2 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0688\u06be\u0648\u0646\u0688\u0644\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>1.        <\/span>“Extract from C. Grant’s Observations on the State of Society among the Asiatic subjects of Great Britain, particularly with respect to morals; and on the means of improving it. Written chiefly in the year 1792: dated August 16, 1797” in H. Sharp (ed.), Selections from Educational Records, Part I: 1781-1839, Calcutta; Superintendent Government Printing, 1920 [SER, I], pp. 81-86; Ainslie Thomas Embree, Charles Grant and British Rule in India, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1962, chapter VII; Penelope Carson, “Charles Grant,” in H.C.G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 23, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 290-293. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
2.         <\/span>“Extract from the Proceedings of the Resident at Benares dated 1st December 1791”, Bengal Past and Present, Vol. 8, Nos. 15-16 (January-June 1914), pp. 133-137. Vasudha Dalmia, “Sanskrit Scholars and Pandits of the Old School: the Benares Sanskrit College and the Constitution of Authority in the late Nineteenth Century” in her Orienting India: European Knowledge Formation in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, New Delhi: Three Essays Collective, 2003, pp. 29-52; V.A. Narain, Jonathan Duncan and Varanasi, Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1959, pp. 170-73; Pamela Nightingale, “Jonathan Duncan” in H.C.G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 17, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 242-244.  <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
3.         <\/span>Minute by Lord Minto, March 6, 1811, Appendix (I), Appendix to the Report from Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Company, (I.-Public.), Minutes of Evidence taken before the Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Company, No. 735-I, [Reports from Committees: eighteen volumes,] Session 6 December 1831-16 August 1832, VOL. 1X, 1831-32 [Minutes of Evidence], pp. 484-486. British Library, London [BL]. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
4.         <\/span>Extract from a minute by Lord Moira, on the Judicial administration of the Presidency of Fort William, dated the 2nd October 1815, SER, I, pp. 24-29.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
5.         <\/span>SER, I, p. 17.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
6.         <\/span>R. Coupland, Wilberforce: A Narrative, Oxford: Clarendon Press\/New York: Oxford University Press, 1923.  <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
7.         <\/span>The Parliamentary Debates, Vol. XXVI, London: T. C. Hansard for Longman [and others], 1813, p. 832. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
8.         <\/span>Dhruv Raina and S. Irfan Habib, Domesticating Modern Science: A Social History of Science and Culture in Colonial India, New Delhi: Tulika Books, 2004, p. 13. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
9.         <\/span>The Law relating to India, and the East-India Company, fifth edition, London: Wm. H. Allen & Co. 1855, p. 165.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
10.      <\/span>SER, I, p. 18.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
11.      <\/span>Extract of Letter, in the Public Department, from the Court of Directors to the Governor-General in Council of Bengal; dated 3[r]d June 1814, Appendix (I), Appendix to the Report from Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Company, (I.-Public.), Minutes of Evidence, pp. 486-487. BL.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
12.      <\/span>MINUTE of Sir Thomas Munro, March 10, 1826, Ibid., p. 506. BL.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
13.      <\/span>The Law relating to India, and the East-India Company, p. 165. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
14.      <\/span>Minute by the Governor-General, Warren Hastings, dated the 17th April 1781 and Minute, dated the 10th March, 1826, by Sir Thomas Munro, SER, I, pp. 7-10, 73; Bruce Tiebout McCully, English Education and the Origins of Indian Nationalism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1940, pp. 19-20.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
15.      <\/span>McCully, English Education and the Origins of Indian Nationalism, p. 20. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
16<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4  <\/span>\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>: <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
            <\/span>J.H. Harington, J.T. Larkins, W.B. Martin, W.B. Bayley, H. Shakespeare, Holt Mackenzie, Henry Prinsep, A. Sterling, J.C.C. Sutherland, and H. H. Wilson. Minutes of Evidence, VOL. 1X, 1831-32, p. 408. BL.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
17.      <\/span>Bentinck’s minute on European settlement, 30 May 1829, in C. H. Philips (ed.), The Correspondence of Lord William Cavendish Bentinck, Vol. I: 1828-1831, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971, [CCB, I] pp. 201.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
18.      <\/span>McCully, English Education and the Origins of Indian Nationalism, p. 66. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
19.      <\/span>C. E. Trevelyan to Bentinck, dated Calcutta, 9 April 1834, in C. H. Philips (ed.), The Correspondence of Lord William Cavendish Bentinck, Vol. II: 1832-1835, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971 [CCB, II], pp. 1238.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
20.      <\/span>Ibid. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
21.      <\/span>McCully, English Education and the Origins of Indian Nationalism, pp. 66-67.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
22.      <\/span>T. B. Macaulay’s minute on education, 2 February 1835, CCB, II, pp. 1403-1413. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
23.      <\/span>Draft on educational policy [February 1835], CCB, II, pp. 1413-1414; McCully, English Education and the Origins of Indian Nationalism, p. 66. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
24.      <\/span>H. H. Wilson, the Secretary to the Committee of Public Instruction, to local Agents, dated Calcutta, Sep. 1823, Proceedings relating to the public education of the natives and to the Institutions for its promotion. IOR\/F\/4\/909. BL.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
25.      <\/span>Margrit Pernau, “Middle Class and Secularization: The Muslims of Delhi in the Nineteenth Century”, in Imtiaz Ahmad and Helmut Reifeld (eds.), Middle Class Values in India and West Europe, New Delhi: Social Science Press, 2001, pp. 21-41. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
26.      <\/span>J.H. Taylor, Secretary to the Delhi Local Agency, to H.H. Wilson Secretary and Junior Member of the Committee of Public Instruction, Fort William, dated Delhi Local Agency Office, the 17th January 1824, Proceedings relating to the public education of the natives and to the Institutions for its promotion. IOR\/F\/4\/909. BL.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
27.      <\/span>Minutes of Evidence, VOL. 1X, 1831-32, pp. 408-409. BL.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
28.      <\/span>Ibid.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
29.      <\/span>Statement of all the Public and Private Schools and Colleges in the City of Dehli with particulars of their means of support. Prepared by J.H. Taylor, Secretary to the Agency Delhi Territory, the 8th January 1824, Proceedings relating to the public education of the natives and to the Institutions for its promotion. IOR\/F\/4\/909. BL.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
30.      <\/span>Minutes of Evidence, p. 435, BL. See also: S. C. Sanial, ‘The ‘Itimad-ud-Daulah Institution at Delhi’, Islamic Culture, Vol. IV, [No. 2], April 1930, pp. 311-313;<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06a9\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u062f\u06be\u060c \u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u067e\u0648\u0631: \u0646\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c 1907\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 291\u060c 294-295\u060c\u061b \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc: \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 (\u06c1\u0646\u062f)\u060c 1945\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 8-10\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
31.      <\/span>Court of directors to the Bengal government on the education of Indians, dated 29 September 1830, CCB, II, p. 521.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
32.      <\/span>Michael H. Fisher, ‘Mohan Lal Kashmiri (1812-77): An Initial Student of Delhi English College’, in Margrit Pernau, (ed.), The Delhi College: Traditional Elites, the Colonial State, and Education before 1857, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 236. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span>33<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 7\u060c 11\u060c 28\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
34.      <\/span>Court of directors to the Bengal government on the education of Indians, dated 29 September 1830, CCB, II, p. 519.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span>35<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0635\u060c 28\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
36.      <\/span>C. E. Trevelyan to Bentinck, dated Calcutta, 9 April 1834, CCB, II, pp. 1238. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
37.      <\/span>Introduction by Pernau, The Delhi College, p. 14.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span>38<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 96-97\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
39.      <\/span>Extracts from Mr. Thomason’s minutes dated the 8th April 1841 and the 8th November 1841, Selections from Educational Records, Part II: 1840-1859, J. A. Richey (ed.), Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, 1922 [SER, II], pp. 253, 254.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
40.      <\/span>[Report of proceedings for the year 1838\/39 by] Members of the General Committee of Public Instruction to the Right Honble George Earl of Auckland, Governor General of India in Council, dated Fort William, the 24th May 1840\/8th July 1840, Proceeding No. 26, Letter No. 529. Home Public Proceedings July-September 1840. National Archives of India, New Delhi [NAI]. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
41.      <\/span>General Committee on Public Instruction to Governor General in Council, George Earl of Auckland, dated Fort William, 30th October 1840, No. 1035. Home Consultation A (Public) 16 December 1840, No. 24. NAI.<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/o:p><\/span>42. <\/span>     <\/span>Ibid. <\/span><\/div>\n
43.      <\/span>Extracts from Thomason’s minutes of various dates, in SER, II, pp. 252-254.  <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
44.      <\/span>General Committee on Public Instruction to Governor General in Council, George Earl of Auckland, dated Fort William, 30th October 1840, No. 1035. Home Consultation A (Public) 16 December 1840, No. 24. NAI. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
45.      <\/span>General Report on Public Instruction, in the North Western Provinces, of the Bengal Presidency. For 1844-45. Agra: The Secundra Orphan Press, 1846, p. 1. [Microfilm V\/24\/905.] BL. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
 46<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 36-37\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
47.      <\/span>Minute By Boutros. General Report on Public Instruction in the North Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency, for 1843-44, Agra: The Agra Ukhbar Press, [n.d], Appendix N. [microfilm V\/24\/905.] BL. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
48.      <\/span>J. Thornton, Secretary to the Government of N.W.P, to F. Boutros, Secretary to the Local Committee of Education at Delhi, and Principal of the Delhie College, letter No. 336, dated Agra, the 13th April, 1844, General Report on Public Instruction in the North Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency, for 1843-44, Agra: The Agra Ukhbar Press, [n.d.], Appendix R. [microfilm V\/24\/905.] BL.  <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
49.      <\/span>Introduction by Pernau, The Delhi College, p. 18. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
50.      <\/span>A. Sterling, Acting Deputy Persian Secretary to Government, to [the members of Committee of Public Instruction], dated Fort William, 31st July 1823, Proceedings relating to the public education of the natives and to the Institutions for its promotion. IOR\/F\/4\/909. BL.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
51.      <\/span>Letter, dated 6th October 1823, from the General Committee of Public Instruction, SER, I, p. 88.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
52<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 73-94\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
53.      <\/span>F. Boutros, An Inquiry into the System of Education Most likely to be generally Popular and Beneficial in Behar and Upper Provinces, [Serampore?]: Serampore Press, 1842, p. 29.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
54.      <\/span>Edwin Jacob, A Memoir of Professor Yesudas Ramchandra of Delhi, Vol. I, Cawnpore: Christ Church Mission Press, 1902, p. 11.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
55<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span>      <\/span> \u2019\u0628\u0648\u0679\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u0637 \u06af\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u062f\u062a\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc19\/ \u062f\u0633\u0645\u0628\u06311841\u2018\u060c \u062c\u0648 \u062c\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0679\u06a9 (\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc 1842)\u060c \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u06c1 1\u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u2019\u0641\u06c1\u0631\u0633\u062a\u2018 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
56. Boutros, An Inquiry into the System of Education Most likely to be generally Popular and Beneficial in Behar and Upper Provinces,  p. 20 n. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
57. Ibid., p. 15. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
58<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc: \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u06c1 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u06c1\u060c 1975\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 32-33\u061b \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 134-137\u060c 143\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
59.      <\/span>Introduction by Pernau, The Delhi College, p.18.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
60<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span>      <\/span> \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc: \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u060c 1846\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
61<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>     <\/span>\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 138-139\u06d4 \u062d\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631 1\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
62<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span>      <\/span>\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0641\u06c1\u0631\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06d2: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 149-155\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c  \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u201d\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0645\u06c1\u201c\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 64-78\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
63.      <\/span>Hari Ram Gupta, Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri 1812-1877, Lahore: Minerva Book Shop, 1943, p. 7 fn 1, 8, fn 3; C.A. Bayly, Empire and Information: Intelligence gathering and social communication in India, 1780-1870, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 230-34. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
64.      <\/span>Michael H. Fisher, “Mohan Lal Kashmiri (1812-77): An Initial Student of Delhi English College,” in Pernau (ed.), The Delhi College, pp. 232-260; Bayly, Empire and Information, pp. 233-34.  <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
65.      <\/span>K. Sajun Lal, ‘Professor Ramchandar as an Urdu Journalist’, Islamic Culture, Vol. XXIII, No. 1 & 2, p. 25, January & April 1949.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0686\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u06c1\u0626 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0679\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631\u06d4 2(1866)\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 74-80\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
66<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>      <\/span>\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633 \u067e\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0641\u06c1\u0631\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
            <\/span>Raina and Habib, Domesticating Modern Science, pp. 16-19, 23, note 52.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
67.      <\/span>A Treatise on Problems of Maxima and Minima, Solved by Algebra, London: WM. H. Allen & Co., 1859.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
68        <\/span>Jacob, A Memoir of Professor Yesudas Ramchandra of Delhi, pp. 145-149; A. De Morgan, “Editor’s Preface” in Ramchundra, A Treatise on Problems of Maxima and Minima, Solved by Algebra, London: WM. H. Allen & Co., 1859, pp. iii-xxiii;<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0679\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u06c1\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0679\u0644 \u0631\u06cc\u0633\u0631\u0686 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0679\u06cc \u0679\u06cc\u0648\u0679\u060c 1960\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 1-90\u061b  \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0679\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc: \u0634\u0639\u0628\u06c1 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0679\u06cc\u060c 1961\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
69.      <\/span>Arthur Howell, Offg. Secretary to the Government of India, to Munshi Ram Chundra, Nos. 97-122, dated Fort William, the 12th April 1876, Prog. No. 23. Home Department Proceedings, Education, April 1876. [NAI.]<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
70<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>      <\/span>\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u06c1\u0626 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0679\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631\u06d4 2(1866)\u060c \u0635\u060c 25\u06d4 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0634\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc: \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u060c 1957\u060c \u0635\u060c 75\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
71<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>     <\/span>\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0634\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 83-90\u061b \u0628\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u06c1\u0646 \u062f\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u060c \u201d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0679\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0634\u0648\u0628\u201c\u060c \u062f\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0644\u062f 4\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631 1 (1953)\u060c \u0635\u060c 29\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
72<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>      <\/span>\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u201d\u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0645\u06c1\u201c\u060c \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0686 1911\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 229-231\u061b \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u06cc\u0670 \u062a\u0646\u06c1\u0627\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc: \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u06c1 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u06c1 \u0645\u0644\u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u06c1\u060c 1928\u060c 161-162\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u061b \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0634\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 132-134\u060c 160\u061b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
            <\/span>W.R.M. Holroyd, Report on Popular Education in the Panjab and its Dependencies, for the year 1873-74, Lahore: W.E. Ball, 1874, p. 111. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
73.      <\/span>Kavita A. Sharma and W. D. Mathur, Hindu College Delhi: A People’s Movement, New Delhi: Niyogi Books, 2014, p. 61.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
74<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4  \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0634\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0635\u060c 136\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
75.      <\/span>C. F. Andrews, Zaka Ullah of Delhi, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 60.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
76.      <\/span>S. Irfan Habib, “Munshi Zakaullah and the Vernacularisation of Science in Nineteenth Century India” in Uncharted Terrain: Essays on Science Popularisation in Pre-Independence India, Narendra K. Sehgal, Satpal Sangwan and Subodh Mahanti, (eds.) New Delhi: Vigyan Prasar, 2000, pp. 140-41. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
77.      <\/span>The Aligarh Institute Gazette, 8 March 1887, p. 271.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
78.      <\/span>Amaranatha Jha, A History of the Muir Central College, 1872-1922. Allahabad: Allahabad  University, 1938,  p. 382. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
79.      <\/span>Act XVIII of 1887, Appendix M. Government of India. Proceedings of the Legislative Department for October 1887. No. 43. Allahabad University Act, 1887.  NAI.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
80.      <\/span>The Aligarh Institute Gazette, 12 July 1887, pp. 771-772; Shan Muhammad, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: A Political Biography, Meerut; Meenakshi Prakashan, 1969, p. 98; Javed Ali Khan, Early Urdu Historiography, Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, [2005], pp.198, 200.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
81.      <\/span>Appendix, III, Art XIII, in Mushirul Hasan, A Moral Reckoning: Muslim Intellectuals in Nineteenth-century Delhi, reprint, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 266-67; The Aligarh Institute Gazette, 8 March 1887, pp. 271-72.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
82.      <\/span>Khan, Early Urdu Historiography, p.198;<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
            <\/span>\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u201d\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0630\u06a9\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u06c1 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u201c\u060c \u062f\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0644\u062f 4\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06c11(1953)\u060c \u0635\u060c 149\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
83.      <\/span>Manual of Titles, North-Western Provinces, Allahabad: North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press, 1889, p. 125; The Aligarh Institute Gazette, 8 March 1887, p. 271.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
84<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u0648\u06cc: \u0627\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627\u06c1\u0648\u0631: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u060c 1971\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 35\u060c 37\u060c 41\u060c 48\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
85. Ralph Russell, The Pursuit of Urdu Literature: A Select History, London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1992, p. 118.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
86<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span>      <\/span> \u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u060c ]1903[\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 15\u060c 21-22\u061b  \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc: \u0634\u0645\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u060c 1912\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 39\u060c 56-61\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
87.      <\/span>C. M. Naim, “William Muir & M. Kempson,” in The Repentance of Nussooh, M. Kempson (tr.), C. M. Naim (ed.), Ed. New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004, p. 114;<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0628\u0644\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0635\u060c 573\u061b  \u0645\u0631\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u06af \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0688\u0627\u06a9\u0679\u0631 \u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c (\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1) \u0631\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06ba\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc: \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 (\u06c1\u0646\u062f)\u060c 1992\u060c \u0635\u060c 65\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
88.      <\/span>Jacob, A Memoir of Professor Yesudas Ramchandra of Delhi, pp. 71-72.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
89.      <\/span>Andrews, Zaka Ullah of Delhi, pp. 59-60.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
90.      <\/span>Ibid.  <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
91.      <\/span>Ibid., p. 46.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
92<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4  \u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0639\u0638\u06c1 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u06c1\u060c \u0644\u0627\u06c1\u0648\u0631: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u060c 1963\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 203-204\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
93<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4  \u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u06c1\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc: \u0627\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c 1908\u060c \u0635\u060c 180\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
94.      <\/span>Andrews, Zaka Ullah of Delhi, pp. 107-108;<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u06c1 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0622\u067e \u0628\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631 (\u062d\u0635\u06c1 \u062f\u0648\u0645)\u060c 100\u060c (\u062c\u0648\u0646 1964)\u060c \u0635\u060c 1403\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
95.      <\/span>Michael H. Fisher, “Mohan Lal Kashmiri (1812-77): An Initial Student of Delhi English College,” in Pernau (ed.), The Delhi College, p. 252;<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
            <\/span>\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u201d\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u201c\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0634\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0635\u060c 169\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \/22\u0645\u0626\u06cc 1866 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0679\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u0691\u06be\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u06c1\u0626 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0679\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631 2 (1866)\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 23-25\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
96<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>      <\/span>\u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06c1\u060c \u062c\u0644\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0622\u06af\u0631\u06c1: \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u060c 1918\u060c  \u0635 \u0635\u060c 402-403\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
97<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>      <\/span>\u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0686\u0631… \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u060c\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0688\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0627\u06c1\u0648\u0631\u060c 28\/\u062f\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1888\u060c \u0622\u06af\u0631\u06c1: \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u060c 1889\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 11-13\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
98<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>      <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 11-12\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u06c1\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0638\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u201d\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u067e \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0648\u06c1\u06cc \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u06c1\u0648 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af \u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u0622\u06af\u06c1\u06cc \u0628\u06c1\u0645 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u0642 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627  \u06c1\u0648 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0686\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u063a\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4\u201c \u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c 1306\u06be\/ 1888\u0621\u060c \u0635\u060c 88\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
99<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>      <\/span>\u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u060c\u0635\u060c11\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
100<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u201d\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0628\u0628\u201c\u060c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c\u062c\u0644\u062f 3\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06c1 2 (\u0627\u06af\u0633\u062a 1900)\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 48-49\u060c \u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 14-15\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
 101. Quoted by Fisher, “Mohan Lal Kashmiri”, in Pernau  (ed.), The Delhi College, p. 248. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
102<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0679\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 34-35\u060c 44\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631 2\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0635\u060c 51\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631 1\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
103. A. De Morgan, “Editor’s Preface,” in Ramchundra, A Treatise on Problems of Maxima and Minima,  pp. xxi-xxii; See one of the many unnumbered pages of photographs between pp. 340-341 in P. J. O. Taylor (ed.), A Companion to the ‘Indian Mutiny’ of 1857, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
104<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 14-15\u061b \u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0679\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0631\u060c 1961\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 39-44\u060c 49-50\u061b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
            <\/span>Habib, “Munshi Zakaullah and the Vernacularisation of Science” in Sehgal et al (eds.), Uncharted Terrain, p. 140.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
105<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0634\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0635\u060c 139\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
106<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span>   <\/span> \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u060c 23\/ \u062f\u0633\u0645\u0628\u06311854\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u201d\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a: \u06c1\u0645 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u201c\u060c \u062f\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u060c (\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631)\u060c \u062c\u0644\u062f 4\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06c1 1(1953)\u060c \u0635\u060c 38\u06d4 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0691\u06be\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
            <\/span>K. Sajan Lal, “A Few News-papers of pre-Mutiny Period”, Indian Historical Records Commission, Proceedings of Meeting, Nineteenth Meeting held at Trivandrum, Vol. XIX, (December 1942): 128-132, especially p. 131. <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
107<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span>   <\/span>  \u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0679\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0635\u060c 66\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
108<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u201d\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u201c\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0634\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 169-171\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
109<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u06c1 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u0624: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c 1886\u060c \u0635\u060c 45\u061b \u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 73\u060c 91\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
110<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0630\u06a9\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u06c1\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0639\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0639\u06c1\u062f \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0639\u06c1\u062f\u0634\u06c1\u0646\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u06c1 \u0648\u06a9\u0679\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u06cc\u0635\u0631 \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u0628\u06c1 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u06c1\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0644\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc: \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c 1904\u060c \u0635\u060c 305\u061b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
            <\/span> Andrews, Zaka Ullah of Delhi, p. 31.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
111. Shahamat Ali, The Sikhs and Afghans, in connexion with India and Persia, immediately before and After the Death of Ranjeet Singh: from the Journal of an Expedition to Kabul, through the Panjab and the Khaibar Pass, London: John Murray, 1847, pp. viii-ix.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
112. Fisher, Mohan Lal, p. 241.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
113<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u201d\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u201c\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c 47\u060c 48(\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0631\u06cc 1955)\u060c  \u0635\u060c 566\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
114<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06c1 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u06d2 \u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0631\u060c (\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1) \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0679\u06c1: \u06a9\u0627\u0679\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u060c 1909\u060c \u0635\u060c 118\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
115<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0635\u060c 2-3\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
116<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span>   <\/span> \u201d\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1\u0626 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u201c\u060c \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c (\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1) \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u0627\u06c1\u0648\u0631: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u060c 1968\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 5-7\u061b \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u06c1 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0650 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc: \u062a\u0630\u06a9\u0631\u06c1 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u06c1 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u06cc\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u06af\u0691\u06be: \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 (\u06c1\u0646\u062f)\u060c 1995\u060c \u0635\u060c 28\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
117<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4 \u0628\u06cc\u06af\u060c \u0688\u0627\u06a9\u0679\u0631 \u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 53-54\u061b  \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 69-73\u061b \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 56-57\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
118. Gupta, Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri, pp. 322- 327.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
119. A. De Morgan, “Editor’s Preface”, in Ramchundra, A Treatise on Problems of Maxima and Minima, pp. xxi-xxii; See one of the many unnumbered pages of photographs between pp. 340-341 in P. J. O. Taylor (ed.), A Companion to the ‘Indian Mutiny’ of 1857, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996.<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
120<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0628\u06cc\u06af\u060c \u0688\u0627\u06a9\u0679\u0631 \u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 53-54\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
121<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span>   <\/span>\u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0635\u060c 12\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
122<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>\u0646\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0635\u060c 88\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Prof. Mazhar Mehdi<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
School of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
Jawaharlal Nehru University<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
New Delhi – 110067<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
Email: mazharmehdi@gmail.com<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
Mob.: 9868666749<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n

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https:\/\/www.urducouncil.nic.in\/e-library\/ncpul-magazines<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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