{"id":137,"date":"2024-07-22T09:56:00","date_gmt":"2024-07-22T09:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lareb.in\/wp\/2024\/07\/22\/%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%85%db%81-%d9%81%d9%86%d8%8c%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d8%8c%d8%a2%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%b2%d8%8c%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%8c%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%92-%d8%a7%d9%88\/"},"modified":"2024-07-22T09:56:00","modified_gmt":"2024-07-22T09:56:00","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%85%db%81-%d9%81%d9%86%d8%8c%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d8%8c%d8%a2%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%b2%d8%8c%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%8c%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%92-%d8%a7%d9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/2024\/07\/22\/%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%85%db%81-%d9%81%d9%86%d8%8c%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d8%8c%d8%a2%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%b2%d8%8c%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%8c%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%92-%d8%a7%d9%88\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1: \u0641\u0646\u060c\u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c\u0627\u0653\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c\u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u060c\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631: \u0636\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642\u06cc"},"content":{"rendered":"

 \u0633\u06c1 \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u0627\u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0644<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/b>\u062c\u0648\u0646 <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>2024<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>     <\/span><\/div>\n<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0644\u062e\u06cc\u0635<\/span><\/b><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u062f\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u06c1\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0654\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u067e\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0653\u0631\u0679 \u06c1\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4\u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u0632\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1\u060c\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc <\/span>Semantic Translation<\/span>\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06be\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0628 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0644\u062a\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4\u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u060c\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc 2020 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u0646\u06d2 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062c\u06af\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u0645\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0653\u0641\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4         <\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638<\/span><\/b><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1\u060c \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u060c \u06a9\u0631\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u06c1\u06cc\u0626\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1\u0654 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648<\/span>Target Language<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0648\u0631 <\/span>Source Language<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628 \u0648 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062c\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0638\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u06c1\u0646\u0631\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0642\u0635\u06c1 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u0631 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0648\u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0641\u06c1\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0653\u0641\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0637\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0634\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u067e\u06cc\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0679\u0646\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0679 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648\u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u06c1\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u0679\u06cc\u06af\u0648\u0631\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0653\u0641\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0627\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u067e\u0631\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u067e\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 <\/span>Cognate And Non Cognate Language (<\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2) \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06c1\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc <\/span>Cognate Language<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0653\u0633\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u067e\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba <\/span>Cognate Language<\/span>\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u06af <\/span>Word View<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u067e\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0630\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0645 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b <\/span>Source Language<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631 <\/span>Target Language<\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0648\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062d \u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u060c \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0630\u06c1\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u2019\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u063a \u0628\u0627\u063a \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627\u2018 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u06c1\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u062a\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627\u06d4 \u0644\u06c1\u0670\u0630\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1\u0627\u06ba <\/span>Over Joyed<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 <\/span>Multi Lingual<\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0641\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u0627\u062d\u0642\u06c1 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u062b\u0631\u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06c1\u060c \u0627\u0653\u06c1\u0646\u06af\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u06c1\u0646\u06af \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0641\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0646\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u064f\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u06c1\u06cc \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 <\/span>Ultimate<\/span>\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0686\u06be\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0627\u0686\u06be\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u0648 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u067e\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc \u0641\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u06af \u0627\u0644\u06af \u0627\u0644\u06af \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u0648\u06c1 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u067e\u06be\u0631\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 <\/span>Form<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0648\u0631 <\/span>Content<\/span>\u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u06af \u0627\u0644\u06af \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u06c1 \u0641\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba <\/span>Sprit<\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0653\u0646\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 <\/span>Edward Fitzerald<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0646\u06d2 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0639\u0645\u0644 <\/span>Approximation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u062a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0638\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0648 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0644\u0686\u0633\u067e\u06cc\u060c \u062c\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u06a9\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u0641\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648\u06cc\u06c1 \u0641\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc (\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648\u06ba ) \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648(\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648\u06ba) \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0653\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627<\/span><\/b><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 <\/span>Interpration<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u2019\u0628\u0627\u063a \u0648 \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0636\u06c3 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u06c1\u062f\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0641\u062a\u060c \u06af\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06ba\u2018\u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u062e\u062a\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0638\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 (<\/span>Translator)<\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u06c1\u0646 \u062a\u06a9 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u062a\u0631\u067e\u0627\u062a\u0627\u060c\u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u0628\u06c1\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u0644\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b <\/span>Manuscriptology<\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u06c1\u0654 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631(<\/span>Gap Between Line) <\/span>\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u06c1 \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u06c1\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0686\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u0641\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u060c\u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0638\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0633 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u06c1 \u0645\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631)\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 <\/span>Approximation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0645\u062f\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0637\u0641 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u2019\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u2018 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u2019\u06af\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06ba\u2018 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 <\/span>Grey<\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0645 <\/span>Elegyin Church Yard<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba      <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u0648\u06c1\u0631 \u0634\u06c1\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0631\u06c1 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06af\u06d2 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06a9\u06c1 \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0679 \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06c1\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06c1\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u06be\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0634\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0632 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06be\u0644\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06af\u06d2<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06a9\u06c1 \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06a9 \u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Gen of Purest Ray Seren<\/span>\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0646\u06d2 \u06af\u0648\u06c1\u0631 \u0634\u06c1\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u06c1\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/b><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u2019\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0679\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0633\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0627\u06ba\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 1966 \u2019\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u06c1\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a\u2018 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f 1958 \u2019\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0648\u062a \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u2018 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0627\u06ba\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u062c\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u2019\u062f\u0648\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0632\u06c1 \u2018\u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u06a9\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0688 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0633\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642\u06cc 2007 \u2019\u0686\u06cc\u062e\u0648\u0641\u2018 (\u0627\u0653\u067e \u0628\u06cc\u062a\u06cc) \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u06be\u0679\u06cc 1948 \u2019\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0642\u2018 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06c1\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627 \u06af\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 1938 \u2019\u06c1\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06af \u0633\u0627\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u2018 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0633\u0631 \u0636\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642\u06cc (\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc \u0679\u06cc) 1989 \u2019\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06d2\u2018 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062c\u06cc\u0628 1940 \u2019\u0628\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06ba\u2018 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 (\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628) \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0633\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0670\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642\u06cc 2018 \u2019\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0645 \u06af\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06d2\u2018 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0679\u0648\u2019\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u2018 \u06af\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u062f\u062a\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u2019\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u062f\u062a\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u2018 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u06ba \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06cc1935\u060c 1943 \u0639\u0632\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u2019\u0641\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u2018 \u0628\u0648\u0637\u06cc\u0642\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0639\u0632\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f 1977 \u2019\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u06c1\u0627\u062a \u2018\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642\u06cc 1978\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631\u067e\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0646\u06d2 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9 \u0633\u06d2 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u063a\u0632\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 (2004)  <\/span><\/span>Selected Lyrics Letters<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba 104 \u063a\u0632\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0631\u0633\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u2019\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u2018 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06cc \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c\u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u06c1 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1\u06d4 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u06c1\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0639\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u06c1\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u06cc\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06cc \u06d4\u0688\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 “<\/span>A hope for Poetry” <\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u067e\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u2018 \u06c1\u0646\u0631\u06cc \u0688\u06cc\u0648\u0688\u062a\u06be\u0648\u0631\u0648 :\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c\u0633\u0627\u06c1\u062a\u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u0688\u0645\u06cc 1960<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0679\u06cc\u06af\u0648\u0631\u2018 \u0686\u062a\u0631\u0627:\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u060c\u062d\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0653\u0628\u0627\u062f1926<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u062a\u06a9 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u060c\u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u06c1\u062a \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0641\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc <\/span>Interpration<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0641\u06c1\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u0631\u06c1\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u06c1\u062a\u0648\u06ba\u060c  <\/span>\u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u06c1\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0638\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>“<\/span>In view of the fact that one can  <\/span>translate without knowing any thing about linguistics”(Scinence of translation C.U Jain A. Naolda)                   <\/span>                       <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06a9\u0631\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 :<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>“<\/span>Translation is replacement of text in source language (SL) by an equivarlent taxt in target language (TL) (Translation theory & paractice)<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u062f\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u06c1\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u067e\u0631\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0646 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0631\u0679 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0679\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u06d2 “<\/span>Translation: A craft savory”<\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u067e\u0691\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06c1\u06cc \u0644\u06af\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u06a9\u0627\u0633 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u06c1\u0645 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u0653\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0630\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u062d\u062f \u062a\u06a9 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u0632\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u06af \u0627\u0644\u06af \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0653\u06c1\u0646\u06af\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u06c1\u062a \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc <\/span>Sensiblity<\/span>\u06a9\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0645 \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u06c1\u0631\u0639\u06c1\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u06c1\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba :<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>1        <\/span> \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 (<\/span>Communicative Language)<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>2        <\/span> \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 (<\/span>Journalistic Language)<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>3        <\/span> \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 (<\/span>Bookish Language\/Textual Language) <\/span>\u0627\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0632\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0634\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 “<\/span>Art & Science of Translation” <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>1        <\/span> \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 (<\/span>Semantic Translation)<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>2        <\/span>\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1(<\/span>Communicative Translation) <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u062d\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a (<\/span>Synatic Structure) <\/span>\u06a9\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u06cc\u0626\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u060c\u0648\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0626\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0642 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u06c1\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0653\u06cc\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0628 \u06c1\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc <\/span>Communicative Translation<\/span>\u067e\u0631 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u06af\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u06c1\u0645 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0631\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0634\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u06ba (\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc) <\/span>New Mart 1981<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0653\u0631\u0679 \u06c1\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0628\u06be\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u06c1\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 (<\/span>Original Writer) <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646 (<\/span>Original Text) <\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u06a9\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 <\/span>Original<\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u06d4 \u06c1\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0628\u06be\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2        <\/span>\u060e<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u06be\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0679 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062c\u06af\u0631<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0632\u06a9 \u0628\u06d2 \u0627\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a <\/span>Equivalent theory of Translation) (: <\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 1960\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0653\u0679\u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0688(<\/span>Otto Kade) <\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u060c \u062c\u0648 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u06a9 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u06be\u0627\u062c\u0648 <\/span>Automic Lingguistics<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u062a\u06a9 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc <\/span>Textual Equivalent<\/span>\u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0679 \u06a9\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u062a <\/span>Structural Equivalent<\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u0626\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d <\/span>Filipel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u0644\u067e \u0632\u06a9 (<\/span>Liepzig)<\/span>\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u06af\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631\u067e\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1(<\/span>Internal Structural Theory) : <\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0679\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0646 <\/span>Saarlen University Saarbroken<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0631\u0645\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 <\/span>Wolfron Wilss<\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 <\/span>Science of Translation:Problem and Methods<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062c\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u0627\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0639\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0679\u0627\u0631\u06af\u06cc\u0679 \u0644\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0626\u062c \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u06cc \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4\u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0644 : \u0633\u0628\u06a9\u062f\u0633\u062a \/\u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 (<\/span>Manipulation School): <\/span>\u062a\u06be\u06cc\u0648\u06c1\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0633 (<\/span>Theo Hermans) <\/span>\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 <\/span>Manipulation  <\/span>of Literature: Studies in Literary Translations<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0679\u0627\u0631\u06af\u06cc\u0679 \u0644\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0626\u062c \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0653\u0646\u062f\u0631\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0631 (<\/span>Andre Lefeuere) <\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c\u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1\u0654 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1<\/span><\/b><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0638\u06c1\u0631(<\/span>Itmar Even Zoher)<\/span>\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u0627\u0632 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062c\u06c1\u062a <\/span>Polysystem<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u0626\u062a \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0646\u0648 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(Tinjnov)ky)<\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0642\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 <\/span>Hierarchical Literary System<\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u067e\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u0626\u062a \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u062f\u0628\u060c\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0679\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631\u067e\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u2019\u2019\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062c \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u060c \u062c\u0633 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06c1\u0648\u06d4\u2018\u2018<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u060c\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0628 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u064f\u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0648 \u0648\u06c1 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062c \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631\u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0654\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062c\u06c1\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c\u062a\u0628 \u06c1\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1<\/span><\/b><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0698\u0627\u06a9 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0627 (<\/span>Jaques Derrida)<\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0631\u062f \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u06c1\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 <\/span>Sign System<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 (<\/span><\/span>Sign) <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba: \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0627 <\/span>Signifier<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627 <\/span>Signified<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Signifier<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c\u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 <\/span>Signified<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06c1\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u06c1 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u067e\u0631 <\/span>Cat<\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u06c1 <\/span>Rat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06cc\u0627 <\/span><\/span>Cap<\/span>\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u0633 \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1:<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u2019\u2019\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 <\/span>Signified<\/span>\u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u2018\u2018<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u0626\u062a \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc <\/span>Transformation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u067e\u0631 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u06af\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06cc \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 (<\/span>Basic Text)<\/span>\u06a9\u0648 <\/span>Modify<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0679\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u0648 <\/span>Sourse Oriented<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 <\/span>Target Oriented<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0686\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u062c\u06c1\u062a \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u06c1 <\/span>After Life<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0698\u0627\u06a9 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u2019\u2019\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u2018\u2018 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0691\u06be \u06a9\u0631 \u06c1\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u06c1\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u06af\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u0631\u06c1\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0679\u06cc\u06af\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u067e\u06cc\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0691\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u0648\u0634\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1\u0654 \u062e\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06c1 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0634\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u06c1\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/b><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631\u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba : (1)\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc (2)\u06c1\u06cc\u0626\u062a\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u06cc<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba (1)\u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 (2) \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1(3) \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06c1\u06cc\u0626\u062a\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 :<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(1)\u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1(2) \u0627\u0653\u0632\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 (3) \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0631\u06c1\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1:\u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u06c1\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06af\u0627\u06d4 <\/span>Target Reader<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u0631\u067e\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u0648 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u06c1 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4 \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba <\/span>You<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u2019\u062a\u0645\u2018 \u06cc\u0627 \u2019\u0627\u0653\u067e\u060c\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u060c\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645 \u2018\u0628\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628 \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0642\u0635 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0686\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u2019\u0646\u0627\u0679\u06cc\u2018 \u06a9\u0634\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u2019\u0631\u0641\u2018 \u0688\u0648\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u2019\u06a9\u0688\u2018 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u2019\u06af\u062f\u0627\u2018 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u06af \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0635 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc \u0631\u0642\u0635 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u062f \u06c1\u06cc \u0631\u0642\u0635 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u2019\u0631\u0642\u0635\u2018 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>“<\/span>One Does not Translate Language but culture in translation not language”<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u06c1 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 <\/span>T.L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0648\u0631 <\/span>S.R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0626\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 <\/span><\/span>Source Language<\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc <\/span>Text<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0633 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0648\u06c1 <\/span>Target Language<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06c1\u06d2\u060c\u062c\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0628\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0654\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Waarda<\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631 <\/span>Nida<\/span>\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0638\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 :<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

All peoples have more cultural similarities then is usally thougth to be the care. wthat binds people together is much greater than what separates then. In adjustment to the physical environment in the organization of society, in the dealing with crucial stages of life (birth, palerty, marriage and death) in the development of caborate ritral and symbolism, and in the drive for aesthetic expression. people are amazingly alike. Because of all this translation can be undertaken with the expectation of communicative effectiveness.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0638\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u0631 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>Problems of translation linguistics & culture) <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0648 \u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c\u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u067e\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc <\/span>Word View<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u06cc\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc <\/span>Socio Lnguistics<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u06a9\u0627 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0686\u0644\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u06c1\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0628 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u060c\u0646\u062b\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0634\u06af\u0641\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>1        <\/span>\u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc: \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0633\u0631 \u0638\u06c1\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0634\u0646\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u060c 2006<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>2        <\/span>\u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1: \u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0679 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644\u060c 1995<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>3        <\/span>\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u06c1 (\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0653\u0628\u0627\u062f 1984)<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>4        <\/span>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1: \u0688\u0627\u06a9\u0679\u0631 \u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0627\u062c \u067e\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0646\u06af \u06c1\u0627\u0648\u0654\u0633\u060c \u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc\u060c 1976 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>5        <\/span>\u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc: \u0645\u0631\u0632\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u06af<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Prof. Zia ur Rehman Siddiqui<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Department of Urdu<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Aligarh Muslim University<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Aligarh- 202001 (UP)<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Mob: 7018979058<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

 \u0633\u06c1 \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u0627\u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0644–\u062c\u0648\u0646 2024       \u062a\u0644\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u062f\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u06c1\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0654\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u067e\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0653\u0631\u0679 \u06c1\u06cc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-137","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/137","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=137"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/137\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=137"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=137"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}