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\u067e\u0648\u0631\u067e\u06cc \u067e\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Marcus Tullius Cicero   <\/span>(43-106 <\/span>\u0642\u06d4\u0645)\u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>Demosthenes  <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>Aeschines<\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u0637\u0628\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u062c\u0628 \u0648\u06c1 \u0644\u0627\u0637\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u067e\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u0688\u0627\u0644\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>: <\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0679 \u062c\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0645 (420-347  <\/span>\u0639)\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0637\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u0641\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u0650 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u06a9\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0637\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u06a9\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u062a \u062a\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u0641\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u06d2 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u0641\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u2019\u2019\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u067e\u064f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u2018\u20182<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0639\u06c1\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0637\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0654\u06c3 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0679 \u062c\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u06af\u06c1\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u067e\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0654\u06c3 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Etienne Dolet  <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Traduction) <\/span>\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 1540 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062c \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0631\u06c1\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06c1\u0648 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0648\u06c1 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba:3<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

.1      <\/span>  <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u06af\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u062d\u0627\u0637\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

.2      <\/span> <\/span>\u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

.3      <\/span>  <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u06c1 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u06c1\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u06c1\u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

.4  <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638\u060c\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0686\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0626\u06d2 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

.5  <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u06c1 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u0648 \u0686\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0691\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u0646\u06c1 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062d \u062a\u06a9 \u0627\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0686\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Etienne Dolet  <\/span><\/span>\u0646\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> “New Testament”  <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>“Summary of Christian Faith”  <\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u06c1 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u0641\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0688\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06a9\u0691\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0653\u062e\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u0641\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06d2 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba 1543 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u06a9 \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc \u0631\u062c\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4  <\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u06c1\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Perrot d’Ablacourt  <\/span><\/span>\u062c\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627  <\/span>\u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0640\u0640<\/span>\u2019\u2019\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u06af\u0646\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u06d4\u2018\u20184<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0679 \u06a9\u0631  <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u2019\u2019\u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642\u2018\u2018  <\/span>\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0648  <\/span>\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627\u06ba<\/span>Gille Menage  <\/span>\u2019\u2019Les belles infideles\u2018\u2018  <\/span><\/span>\u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1\u06d4  <\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06c1\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u06d2 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba\u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u06be \u06a9\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06c1\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u06d2  <\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u06af\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u06be \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0648 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0628\u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u062d\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u06c1 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06c1\u0648 \u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Comparative literature) <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0632\u0645\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0650 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0641 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0648 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u06c1 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u06d2 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u06cc\u0641 \u062c\u0648 \u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 1958 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u06d4  <\/span>\u0648\u06c1  <\/span>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u06cc\u0641<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>J. P. Vinay  <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> J. Darbelnet  <\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>Stylistique compar\u00e9e du francais et de l’anglais  <\/span><\/span>\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0650 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0646 \u0630\u06c1\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0645\u06a9\u0634 \u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0630\u06c1\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0648\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de traduction  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>Process of translation  <\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u06cc\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0688\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Jean Paul Vinay <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba 1910 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0679\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0641 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0679\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d4 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0633\u0679 \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u06d2 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0679\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06c1 \u0644\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u060c\u0627\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0688\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d4 1946  <\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0688\u0627 \u0686\u0644\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0679\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0679\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u06c1 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2\u06d4 1958 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Jean Darbelnet <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f 1967 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0679\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0641 \u0648\u06a9\u0679\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u06a9 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4  <\/span>1999 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u06a9\u0679\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u06c1\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0679\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u0628 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u062a\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u060c \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06c1\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a  <\/span>\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0628 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0654\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0648\u0648\u0654\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0686 \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u06be \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06c1 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u067e\u06be\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u067e\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0630\u06c1\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c \u0637\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0630\u06c1\u0646 \u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u062f\u06cc \u0637\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u067e\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u0644\u06c1 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0679\u06be\u06c1\u0631\u06a9\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u06c1 \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062d\u0635\u06c1 \u0686\u06be\u0648\u0679 \u062a\u0648 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Jean Paul Vinay  <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631<\/span>Jean Darbelnet <\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u06425\u060c \u0627\u0646 \u0630\u06c1\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0645\u06a9\u0634 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u0632\u0631 \u06a9\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u06cc\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06a9  <\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u06c1 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Direct   <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>Literal Translation  <\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u06c1 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 (1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) Emprunt  <\/span>(Borrowing words)   <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636  <\/span>(2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>Calque  <\/span>(Borrowing structure) <\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636  <\/span>(3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>Traduction litterale (Literal Translation)  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc  <\/span>\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u06c1 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>(Oblique translation) Traduction oblique<\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u06c1 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2:  <\/span>(1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>Transposition  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u06d4 (2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>Modulation  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0637\u06c1\u0654 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06d4 (3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>Equivalence  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u06d4 (4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)  <\/span>Adaptation  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u0688\u06be\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(1)    <\/span>  <\/span>Emprunt  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636: \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0628 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u067e\u0691\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0628 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06d2 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0648 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0679\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0679\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u067e \u0679\u0627\u067e \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u062c\u0646\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u06af\u0632\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0688\u06be\u0644 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0631\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u067e\u0627\u0626\u067e \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0648 \u0628\u06c1\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u06c1\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4  <\/span>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Monsieur   <\/span>(Mister)  <\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u2019\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u2018 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u2019 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u2018 \u06c1\u06cc \u0631\u06c1\u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>“Boulevard”  <\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1  <\/span>\u0641\u0679 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06be \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2  <\/span>\u2019\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0688\u2018  <\/span>\u06c1\u06cc \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u062a\u0631 \u0644\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(2)  <\/span>Calque <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(Borrowing structure) <\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 : \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0628 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d2 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u062a\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u06be\u0631\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0648\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Paper weight  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060d  <\/span>\u06a9\u0627\u063a\u0630 \u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c  <\/span><\/span>Cold war  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060d  <\/span>\u0633\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0646\u06af\u060c  <\/span><\/span>Science fiction  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060d  <\/span>\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u060c  <\/span><\/span>Cold Proof  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060d  <\/span>\u0633\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06a9\u060c  <\/span>\u0679\u06be\u0646\u0688 \u0631\u0648\u06a9\u060c  <\/span><\/span>Water ballet  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060d  <\/span>\u0627\u0653\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0642\u0635  <\/span>\u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1\u06d4  <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> :  <\/span>Government of India  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060d  <\/span>\u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u060c  <\/span><\/span>United Arab Emirates  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060d  <\/span>\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u06c1 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c  <\/span><\/span>National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060d  <\/span>\u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u06cc\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>:  <\/span>United States of America  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060d  <\/span>\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u06c1\u060c  <\/span><\/span>World Health Organisation  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060d  <\/span>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06c1\u0654 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u060c  <\/span><\/span>Ministry of Human Resource Development  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060d  <\/span>\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644  <\/span>\u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0648\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4  <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0648\u062a \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u2019\u2019Its like finding a needle in a haystack\u2018\u2018  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0628 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u06af \u0628\u06be\u06af \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2  <\/span><\/span>\u0640<\/span>\u2019\u0628\u06be\u0648\u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0688\u06be\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06d4<\/span>\u0640\u0640<\/span>\u2018  <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>:  <\/span>\u2019\u2019Speak of the Devil and he will appear\u2018\u2018  <\/span><\/span>\u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2  <\/span>\u2019\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u2018\u06d4  <\/span>\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u2019\u2019One hand cannot clap\u2018\u2018  <\/span>\u2019<\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u062c\u062a\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2018  <\/span>\u2019\u2019I saw stars when he punched me \u2018\u2018  <\/span>\u2019<\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc  <\/span>\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u062c\u06be\u06d2 \u062f\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u062f\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06d2 \u2018\u06d4  <\/span>\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u06d2 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0626\u06d2 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06be\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0628 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u06c1 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0628\u0648 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(3)  <\/span>Traduction litterale <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(Literal Translation) <\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc  <\/span>\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u06c1 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1:  <\/span>\u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062f \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u06c1 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0653 \u067e \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0628 \u062a\u06a9 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4  <\/span>\u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06d2:  <\/span>“\u0670<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> “I left my spectacles on the table downstairs  <\/span>\u2019<\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0634\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06cc\u0686\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u0631 \u0686\u06be\u0648\u0691 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2018  <\/span>\u2019\u2019This train arrives at Union Station at ten\u2018\u2018  <\/span>\u2019<\/span>\u06cc\u06c1 \u0679\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0679\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u06d2 \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u2018\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u06d4\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0653\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06c1\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u06d2 \u0633\u06c1\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0631\u0679\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0628 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u06af \u0628\u06be\u06af \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0644\u06af \u0628\u06be\u06af \u0645\u0644\u062a\u06d2 \u062c\u0644\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u0691\u062a\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

J. P. Vinay  <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u06c1 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627 \u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(1)    <\/span>  <\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(2)    <\/span> <\/span>\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(3)    <\/span><\/span>\u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Direct <\/span>\u06cc\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Literal Translation  <\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u06d2 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06cc\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0653\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(1)    <\/span>  <\/span>Transposition  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f: \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631 \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0650\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06d4 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u2019He was still surprised \u2018  <\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u2019\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u2018 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4  <\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06c1\u0654 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0628 \u06a9\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span> <\/span>\u2019 He was still surprised \u2018  <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u2019His surprise was not still faded away. \u2018  <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0641\u0638<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> surprise   <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0644\u06af \u0628\u06be\u06a9 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u2019\u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06be\u0644\u06cc\u2018 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u2019\u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc \u0648\u06c1 \u062c\u06af\u0627\u2018  <\/span>\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u2019As soonhe as he woke up\/wakes up.\u2018 <\/span>\u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062c\u0628 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Transposition   <\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648 \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06ba: \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u2019He informed about his return\u2018  <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u2019He informed that he will return\u2018  <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0638<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2019return\u2018 <\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u2019\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u067e\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u06cc\u2018 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u2019\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u06c1 \u0648\u0627\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06d2 \u06af\u0627\u2018 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u2019\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u067e\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u06cc\u2018 \u0627\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2019He informed me about his return\u2018  <\/span><\/span>\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(2)    <\/span>  <\/span>Modulation  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0637\u06c1\u0654 \u0646\u0638\u0631:  <\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633 \u0642\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u062a\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0648\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u06c1\u0646\u06af \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u067e\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>Modulation  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0637\u06c1\u0654 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u06c1\u0654 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u06c1\u0654 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0641\u06c1\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0626\u06cc\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4  <\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba:  <\/span>\u2019\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06be \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u2018  <\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019As white as milk\u2018 <\/span>\u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0648 \u06c1\u0648 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u06c1\u0654 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2019As white as snow\u2018  <\/span><\/span>\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0627\u06d4 \u0628\u0631\u0635\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u062f\u06be \u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u0648\u0691\u06a9\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0641 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> snow <\/span>\u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4  <\/span>\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u063a\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u2019\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0653\u067e\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u0691\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u2018\u06d4  <\/span>\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba  <\/span>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u2019\u062c\u0691\u0648\u0627\u06ba\u2018 \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u06af\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u2019As two drop of water\u2018 <\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648  <\/span>\u0642\u0637\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u2019comme deux petits pois\u2018  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u2019\u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0679\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u2018\u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u0691\u06d2 \u06af\u0627\u06d4  <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06c1 \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u06d2 \u0648\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u2019\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u06be\u0648\u0679\u2018\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2019White lie\u2018 <\/span>\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2019White lie\u2018 <\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0627 \u062c\u06be\u0648\u0679 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u06be\u0648\u0679 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0679 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u06be\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2019Black lie\u2018 <\/span>\u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u06be\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u06d2 \u062d\u062f \u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062f \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062d\u0635\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u06c1 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(3)    <\/span>  <\/span>Equivalence  <\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644: \u0627\u0633 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u062d\u062f \u062a\u06a9 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628 \u0648 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644  <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u0627\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c  <\/span>\u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u06c1\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06be\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u06c1 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0686\u0648\u0679  <\/span>\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0648\u06c1 \u2019\u0627\u0653\u06c1 \u2018  <\/span>\u0628\u0648\u0644\u06d2 \u06af\u0627\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0686\u06d2 \u062a\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>  <\/span>\u2019Ouch!\u2018 <\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06c1\u0648 \u062a\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2019Aie!\u2018 \u2019<\/span>\u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u2018 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u06a9\u0644\u06d2 \u06af\u06cc\u06d4 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d2\u060c \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u2019\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06be \u06a9\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0686\u06be\u0627\u0686\u06be \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u067e\u06be\u0648\u0646\u06a9 \u067e\u06be\u0648\u0646\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u062a\u0627 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\u067e\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u067e\u06be\u0648\u0646\u06a9 \u067e\u06be\u0648\u0646\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2018<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0642\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0653\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0653\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u06cc<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

.1      <\/span>    <\/span>Marcus Tullius Cicero  <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Ines Oseki-Depre<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c  <\/span><\/span>Theories et pratique de la traduction litteraire<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c   <\/span><\/span>Armand Colin<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c  <\/span><\/span>Paris<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>1999<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0635  <\/span>19<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

.2      <\/span>     <\/span>Saint Jerome<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c  <\/span>\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Ines Oseki-Depre<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c   <\/span>\u0635  <\/span>20<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

.3    <\/span>Edmond Cary<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c   <\/span><\/span>\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>” Etienne Dolet, 1509-1546 “  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c  <\/span><\/span>Babel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c  <\/span>\u062c\u0644\u062f 1 \u060c  <\/span>\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06c1 1 \u060c \u0633\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c 1955\u060c  <\/span>\u0635 20-17\u06d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

.4   <\/span>Perrot d’Ablancourt  <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Ines Oseki-Depre<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c   <\/span>\u0635  <\/span>31<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

.5     <\/span>J.P. Vinay  <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>   <\/span>J. Darbelnet<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c   <\/span><\/span>Stylistique comparee du francais et de l’anglais<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c  <\/span><\/span>Michel Didier<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c  <\/span><\/span>Paris<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c  <\/span>\u0635  <\/span>46-54<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Abdur Rahman Ansari<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Asst. Prof. (French)<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Dept of Foreign Languages<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Aligarh Muslim University<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Aligarh – 202002<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Mob.: 8840314984<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627\u06c1\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0633\u062a 2020<\/b><\/span><\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0637\u06c1\u0654 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062c\u0627 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u06c1\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u06c1\u0630\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u06c1 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/967","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=967"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/967\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=967"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=967"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urducouncil.nic.in\/ncpulblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=967"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}